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Fluorescence (FL) in the second near-infrared window (NIR-Ⅱ, 1000-1400 nm) is less interfered by the scattering, absorption and autofluorescence of tissue and blood and has higher penetration depth than that in NIR-Ⅰ (750-900 nm), making it favorable for in vivo imaging with high signal-to-noise ratios.