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Glycans are widely distributed in biological systems in ‘free state’ and conjugated forms such as glycoproteins,glycolipids,and proteoglycans.The functions,including efficacy and safety of protein-based drugs such as recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs),are often dependent on the structure and types of glycans attached to the proteins.The structures of glycans are quite diverse,complex,and heterogeneous due to post-translational modifications and physiological conditions.The structural characterization and quantitative estimation of glycans is highly essential in biotherapeutics and biopharmaceutical projects.However,it is tremendously challenging to comprehensively characterize glycan profiles and determine the structures of glycans.