Yunnan Province is one of the most geographically, biological and culturally diverse provinces of China. Over a long period of time the diverse cultures of the area have developed holistic agricultural and forest livelihood systems. After 30 years of study of the biodiversity and culture of the province, evidence is showing that the cultural diversity and biodiversity are equally important in Yunnan. Recent development pressures have, however led to the destruction of nature forest and other ecosystems in Yunnan. Climate change is accelerated due to increased human activities and traditional culture is disappearing among all ethnic populations in this mountain region. This paper discusses biodiversity and culture diversity of Yunnan, and its conservation status with emphasis on challenges and opportunities for bio-cultural diversity conservation.