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Background: Neuronal cell dysfunction and apoptosis,the main causes of HIV-associated dementia,and its underlying mechanism are important unsolved health problems.Many research reports suggest that miRNAs regulate HIV-1-induced apoptosis.Methods: We used the HIV-1 gp120 V3 Loop peptide to induce primary rat cortical neurons apoptosis.Next,we used a microRNA microarray to identify the significant changes of miRNA in the rat cortical neurons treated with the gp120 V3 loop peptide.We used western blot and real-time PCR to measure the regulation of heat shock protein 70 by rno-miR-133b-5p.Results: In response to the gp120 V3 loop peptide treatment,rat cortical neurons exhibited 11 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated miRNAs.We further examined miR-133b-5p,a microRNA that was up-regulated more than 118-fold.In addition,both HSP70 mRNA and protein expression were dose-dependent in rats cortical neurons treated with gp120 V3 loop peptide for 48 hours.Conclusion: MiR-133b-5p could regulate heat shock protein 70(HSP70)at both transcription and translation levels.Rno-miR-133b-5p might be less significant for the gp120 V3 loop peptide induced neuron apoptosis.Thus,we discovered a potential new target for the regulation of HIV-1 gp120-induced apoptosis.