Anopheles aconitus is a well-known vector of malaria and is broadly distributed in the Oriental Region,yet there is no information on its population genetic characteristics.In this study,the genetic differentiation among populations was examined using 140 mtDNA COIl sequences from 21 sites throughout southern China,Myanmar,Vietnam,Thailand,Laos and Sri Lanka.The population in Sri Lanka has characteristic rDNA D3 and ITS2,mtDNA COII and ND5 haplotypes,and may be considered a distinct subspecies.Clear genetic structure was observed with highly significant genetic variation present among population groups in Southeast Asia.The greatest genetic diversity exists in Yunnan and Myanmar population groups.All population groups are significantly different from one another in pairwise Fst values,except northern Thailand with central Thailand.Mismatch distributions and extremely significant Fs values suggest that the populations passed through a recent demographic expansion.These patterns are discussed in.relation to the likely biogeographic history of the region and compared to other Anopheles species.