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Water splitting is an ideal energy storage carrier for the next generation of renewable energy systems,other molecules such as CH4,and CO can also be used for energy storage to provide clean renewable energy.HERs,oxygen reduction/evolution reactions(ORRs/OERs),CO2 reduction reactions(CO2RRs)and even N2 reductions are relevant in this context.These procedures can be readily achieved by photocatalysis,chemical catalysis and electrochemical catalysis.