亚热带4种树种凋落叶降解和养分释放特征

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森林凋落物是森林生态系统重要的碳库和养分库,对维持森林生态系统结构和功能具有极其重要的作用。凋落物分解影响着土壤碳储量、有机养分矿化、无机养分含量和碳平衡。研究森林凋落叶在分解过程中质量、养分的动态特征,探寻凋落物对森林生态系统养分循环、碳流动的影响机制,可为深入研究森林生态系统物质循环、能量流动提供科学参考。本研究以中亚热带4种优势树种:针叶树马尾松(Pinus massonana)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、落叶阔叶树枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、常绿阔叶树青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)的凋落叶为对象,采用野外分解网袋法,在南酸枣(Choerospondia axillaris)落叶阔叶林1ha固定样地进行分解试验,比较研究不同树种凋落叶分解速率及其养分释放特征。主要结果为:(1)4种树种凋落叶初始化学组成及其C/N、C/P、N/P化学计量比值存在较明显的差异,阔叶树种凋落叶初始N、P含量高于针叶树种,而针叶树种凋落叶初始C含量高于阔叶树种;除C、N含量外,落叶阔叶树种凋落叶初始组成含量高于常绿阔叶树种。(2)经过24个月的分解,4种树种凋落叶质量残留率由高到低为:马尾松(PM)(45.78%)>杉木(CL)(42.31%)>枫香(LF)(37.24%)>青冈(LG)(29.11%),4种树种凋落叶质量残留率差异不明显。凋落叶分解速率分为3个阶段:分解初期(0-10个月)速率较慢,分解中期较快(10-18个月),后期(18-24个月)最慢。凋落叶分解系数常数k值依次是:青冈(0.0525)>枫香(0.0447)>杉木(0.0370)>马尾松(0.0365)。青冈凋落叶分解最快,t50%为1.18 a,t95%为4.84 a,马尾松凋落叶分解最慢,t50%为1.60 a,t95%为6.79 a,枫香凋落叶t50%为1.38 a,t95%为5.67 a,杉木凋落叶t50%为1.44 a,t95%为6.70 a。(3)经过24个月的分解,C释放量由高到低依次为:杉木>青冈>马尾松>枫香,N释放量为:青冈>枫香>杉木>马尾松,P释放量:为枫香>青冈>杉木>马尾松,可溶性糖释放量为:杉木>枫香>青冈>马尾松,淀粉释放量为:杉木>枫香>马尾松>青冈。4种树种凋落叶的C、N、P化学计量比均表现为下降的趋势,但不同树种的变化趋势有差异。(4)4种树种凋落叶C均表现为淋溶—富集—淋溶模式,4种树种凋落叶C分解模型除了青冈为线性衰减方式以外,其余3种树种均为负指数衰减方式,拟合曲线较符合实际情况。4种树种凋落叶N、P均表现为富集—释放模式,其中枫香凋落叶的N出现4次富集—释放,马尾松凋落叶出现3次,青冈凋落叶出现2,枫香、杉木拟合曲线为线性方程,青冈为三次方程,马尾松为负指数衰减模型,均达到极显著水平;枫香、青冈、马尾松凋落叶P出现2次富集—释放,杉木凋落叶P一直处于富集状态,仅枫香为负指数衰减模型且达到极显著水平。4种树种凋落叶可溶性糖、淀粉均释放特征与C相似,马尾松、青冈凋落叶的可溶性糖与淀粉均呈负指数衰减,杉木呈三次方程衰减,而枫香可溶性糖呈三次方程衰减,淀粉为负指数衰减模式。(5)凋落叶的C含量、C/N比、C/P比和N/P比越高,凋落叶分解速率越慢,相反,凋落叶的N、P含量越高,越有利于凋落叶的分解,说明凋落叶化学组成是影响其分解速率的重要因素。凋落叶N、P含量高,有利于养分的释放,而C含量、C/N比、C/P比、N/P比高不利于养分的释放。
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