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本文以2006年全国部分省市的中考英语试题为例,谈谈对动词不定式的考查要点,供同学们复习时参考｡
一､ 考查动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语
【典型考例】
1. I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me_______in bed.
A. staying B. to stay C. stayed D. stays(北京市)
2. The teacher_______his students to hand in their compositions before Friday.
A. said B. told C. had D. kept(陕西省)
3. You are so busy. What do you want me_______for you ?
A. do B. done C. to do D. doing(重庆市)
4. Our teachers always tell us_______more English in and out of class.
A. speak B. spoken C. to speak D. speaking(重庆市)
【答案与简析】 1. B2. B3. C4. C｡ 英语中的ask, tell, want等指令类动词后面常接复合宾语,其中的宾语补足语常用动词不定式(短语)充当｡
二､ 考查 it 代替动词不定式(短语)作形式主语或形式宾语
【典型考例】
1. It’s a good habit_______breakfast every day.
A. had B. have C. has D. to have(陕西省)
2. I find_______difficult to finish the work on time. We only have three hours left.
A. it B. that C. its D. this(长春市)
3._______very important for us to learn English because it is an international language now.
A. It is B. It
C. That is D. We are(宁夏回族自治区)
4. It’s important_______the piano well.
A. of him to play B. for him to play
C. of him playing D. for him playing(天津市)
【答案与简析】 1. D2. A3. A4. B｡如果作主语或宾语的动词不定式(短语)比较长时,为保持句子结构平衡,常用 it 作形式主语或形式宾语,而将作真正主语或宾语的动词不定式(短语)放在句末｡在“It is + 形容词+for/of sb to do sth”句式中, it作句子的形式主语,真正的主语是“for/of sb to do sth”｡当句子中的形容词是诸如brave, good, clever, careful, wise, stupid, foolish, nice, polite 等用来说明人的性格､特征､品德等单词时,则用 of引导动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语,此时动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语与形容词可以形成主表关系;若句子中的形容词是诸如important,necessary,natural等表示事物的特点､行为本身的单词,即动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语与形容词不存在主表关系时,则用for引导动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语｡
三､ 考查动词不定式符号 to 的省略还是保留
【典型考例】
1. You look tired. You’d better_______a good sleep.
A. have B. having C. had D. to have(北京市)
2. It’s time for sports. Let’s_______bowling, shall we ?
A. go B. to go C. going D. goes(上海市)
3. Colors can change our moods and make us_______happy or sad, energetic or sleepy.
A. to feel B. feeling C. felt D. feel(南京市)
4. Jane likes singing . We often hear her_______after class.
A. sing B. to sing C. sings D. sang(河北省)
5. —_______ come and join us in the game ?
—_______. But I must meet my uncle at the airport.
A. Why not to; I think so
B. Why not; I hope so
C. Why don you; I’m very tired
D. Why not you; I like it(呼和浩特市)
6. The students in Grade Three_______their homework for more than three hours every day, so they_______have any time to watch TV.
A. were made to do; hardly
B. are made to do ; hardly
C. were made do; hardly
D. are made do; hardly.(呼和浩特市)
7. Mr Lee told us an interesting story yesterday. It made all of us_______ .
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughed D. laughing(长春市)
8. Some children are made_______a lot of homework after school.
A. do B. doing C. to do(贵阳市)
【答案与简析】 1. A2. A3. D4. A5. B6. B7. A8. C｡ 在主动语态句中,在hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官动词和make, let, have等使役动词之后作宾语补足语的动词不定式(短语)不带 to, 但在被动语态中作主语补足语的动词不定式(短语)应带to｡ 在would rather, had better, why not等后面的动词不定式(短语)不带to｡
四､ 考查 to 替代动词不定式(短语)
【典型考例】
1. —Today is my birthday. Can you come to my party tonight ?
—_______.
A. Don’t worry B. Sure, I’d love to
C. That’s too bad D. No, I don’t know(长春市)
2. —Can you go shopping with me tomorrow ?
—_______, but I have to study for my English test.
A. I’d love to B. It’s nothing
C. Never mind D. It doesn’t matter(南宁市)
3. —Would you like to go swimming with me this afternoon?
—_______, but I have a lot of homework to do.
A. I’d love to B. Yes, let’s go
C. No, I won’t D. It doesn’t matter(南京市)
【答案与简析】 1. B2. A3. A｡ 有时为了避免动词不定式结构的重复出现,使语言显得简洁,我们可以单独使用动词不定式符号 to 来替代整个动词不定式结构｡
五､ 考查动词不定式的否定形式
【典型考例】
1. There are some dangerous fishes in this river, and I’ve warned Jack
_______ here .
A. not to swim B. to not swim
C. swim not to D. to swim not(杭州市)
2. —There is nobody here. Let’s play football.
—No, we can’t. My father often tells me_______in the street. It’s dangerous.
A. to play B. don’t play C. not to play(长沙市)
【答案与简析】 1. A2. C｡ 动词不定式的否定形式是在 to 前面加 not 或 never等否定词｡
六､ 考查动词不定式(短语)作状语
【典型考例】
—Have you finished the English storybook ?
—Not yet. It’s too hard_______ .
A. understand B. understanding
C. to understand D. understood(呼和浩特市)
【答案与简析】 根据句意,空白处应填动词不定式作结果状语,四个选项中,只有C项为动词不定式,故答案为C｡
七､ 考查“连接代词/副词 + 动词不定式”结构作宾语
【典型考例】
After the discussion, the students asked their teacher_______next.
A. which to do B. what to do C. how to do (成都市)
【答案与简析】 “连接代词/副词 + 动词不定式”结构的作用相当于一个从句｡由于题干句中未列举需要选择做的事情,故先排除A项; 而选项C成分残缺,其中的do为及物动词,其后缺少宾语,故也可排除;而what to do相当于“what they should do”, 与题意相符,故答案为B｡
一､ 考查动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语
【典型考例】
1. I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me_______in bed.
A. staying B. to stay C. stayed D. stays(北京市)
2. The teacher_______his students to hand in their compositions before Friday.
A. said B. told C. had D. kept(陕西省)
3. You are so busy. What do you want me_______for you ?
A. do B. done C. to do D. doing(重庆市)
4. Our teachers always tell us_______more English in and out of class.
A. speak B. spoken C. to speak D. speaking(重庆市)
【答案与简析】 1. B2. B3. C4. C｡ 英语中的ask, tell, want等指令类动词后面常接复合宾语,其中的宾语补足语常用动词不定式(短语)充当｡
二､ 考查 it 代替动词不定式(短语)作形式主语或形式宾语
【典型考例】
1. It’s a good habit_______breakfast every day.
A. had B. have C. has D. to have(陕西省)
2. I find_______difficult to finish the work on time. We only have three hours left.
A. it B. that C. its D. this(长春市)
3._______very important for us to learn English because it is an international language now.
A. It is B. It
C. That is D. We are(宁夏回族自治区)
4. It’s important_______the piano well.
A. of him to play B. for him to play
C. of him playing D. for him playing(天津市)
【答案与简析】 1. D2. A3. A4. B｡如果作主语或宾语的动词不定式(短语)比较长时,为保持句子结构平衡,常用 it 作形式主语或形式宾语,而将作真正主语或宾语的动词不定式(短语)放在句末｡在“It is + 形容词+for/of sb to do sth”句式中, it作句子的形式主语,真正的主语是“for/of sb to do sth”｡当句子中的形容词是诸如brave, good, clever, careful, wise, stupid, foolish, nice, polite 等用来说明人的性格､特征､品德等单词时,则用 of引导动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语,此时动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语与形容词可以形成主表关系;若句子中的形容词是诸如important,necessary,natural等表示事物的特点､行为本身的单词,即动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语与形容词不存在主表关系时,则用for引导动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语｡
三､ 考查动词不定式符号 to 的省略还是保留
【典型考例】
1. You look tired. You’d better_______a good sleep.
A. have B. having C. had D. to have(北京市)
2. It’s time for sports. Let’s_______bowling, shall we ?
A. go B. to go C. going D. goes(上海市)
3. Colors can change our moods and make us_______happy or sad, energetic or sleepy.
A. to feel B. feeling C. felt D. feel(南京市)
4. Jane likes singing . We often hear her_______after class.
A. sing B. to sing C. sings D. sang(河北省)
5. —_______ come and join us in the game ?
—_______. But I must meet my uncle at the airport.
A. Why not to; I think so
B. Why not; I hope so
C. Why don you; I’m very tired
D. Why not you; I like it(呼和浩特市)
6. The students in Grade Three_______their homework for more than three hours every day, so they_______have any time to watch TV.
A. were made to do; hardly
B. are made to do ; hardly
C. were made do; hardly
D. are made do; hardly.(呼和浩特市)
7. Mr Lee told us an interesting story yesterday. It made all of us_______ .
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughed D. laughing(长春市)
8. Some children are made_______a lot of homework after school.
A. do B. doing C. to do(贵阳市)
【答案与简析】 1. A2. A3. D4. A5. B6. B7. A8. C｡ 在主动语态句中,在hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官动词和make, let, have等使役动词之后作宾语补足语的动词不定式(短语)不带 to, 但在被动语态中作主语补足语的动词不定式(短语)应带to｡ 在would rather, had better, why not等后面的动词不定式(短语)不带to｡
四､ 考查 to 替代动词不定式(短语)
【典型考例】
1. —Today is my birthday. Can you come to my party tonight ?
—_______.
A. Don’t worry B. Sure, I’d love to
C. That’s too bad D. No, I don’t know(长春市)
2. —Can you go shopping with me tomorrow ?
—_______, but I have to study for my English test.
A. I’d love to B. It’s nothing
C. Never mind D. It doesn’t matter(南宁市)
3. —Would you like to go swimming with me this afternoon?
—_______, but I have a lot of homework to do.
A. I’d love to B. Yes, let’s go
C. No, I won’t D. It doesn’t matter(南京市)
【答案与简析】 1. B2. A3. A｡ 有时为了避免动词不定式结构的重复出现,使语言显得简洁,我们可以单独使用动词不定式符号 to 来替代整个动词不定式结构｡
五､ 考查动词不定式的否定形式
【典型考例】
1. There are some dangerous fishes in this river, and I’ve warned Jack
_______ here .
A. not to swim B. to not swim
C. swim not to D. to swim not(杭州市)
2. —There is nobody here. Let’s play football.
—No, we can’t. My father often tells me_______in the street. It’s dangerous.
A. to play B. don’t play C. not to play(长沙市)
【答案与简析】 1. A2. C｡ 动词不定式的否定形式是在 to 前面加 not 或 never等否定词｡
六､ 考查动词不定式(短语)作状语
【典型考例】
—Have you finished the English storybook ?
—Not yet. It’s too hard_______ .
A. understand B. understanding
C. to understand D. understood(呼和浩特市)
【答案与简析】 根据句意,空白处应填动词不定式作结果状语,四个选项中,只有C项为动词不定式,故答案为C｡
七､ 考查“连接代词/副词 + 动词不定式”结构作宾语
【典型考例】
After the discussion, the students asked their teacher_______next.
A. which to do B. what to do C. how to do (成都市)
【答案与简析】 “连接代词/副词 + 动词不定式”结构的作用相当于一个从句｡由于题干句中未列举需要选择做的事情,故先排除A项; 而选项C成分残缺,其中的do为及物动词,其后缺少宾语,故也可排除;而what to do相当于“what they should do”, 与题意相符,故答案为B｡