法国工程师林格曼在拔河实验中注意到,当拔河的单边人数从1个人逐渐增加到一群人时,集体的力量并不等于个体力量的总和。例如当单边增加到3个人时,力量仅仅相当于两个半人 In his experiment on tug-of-war, the French engineer Lingman noted that when the number of unilateral tug of war increased from one to a group of people, the power of the collective did not equal the sum of the individual forces. For example, when one side increases to three people, the power is only equivalent to two and a half people