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Abstract [Objectives] The ecological environment of orchard has a direct impact on fruit quality， and straw mulching can effectively improve the physicochemical indicators of orchard soil， so as to achieve environmental protection and yield increase.
[Methods] Tests were carried out for 3 consecutive years of mulching straw in vineyard of southern Jiangsu Province.
[Results] The results showed that mulching straw continuously could effectively improve soil physicochemical properties， weed controlling effect， and the photosynthetic rate of leaves， as well as the yield and quality of grapes. The contents of total nitrogen， available phosphorus， quickacting potassium and organic matter increased up to 91.67%， 259.76%， 442.39% and 34.30%， respectively. Soil bulk density decreased by 7.15%， and the weed plant control effect reached 87.45%. The increased of fresh weight was up to 93.55%， and the increase of the leaf parenthetical rate was up to 18.24%. The increases of soluble solids content and single grain weight reached up to 8.82% and 12.75%. The rate of dehiscent fruit was decreased by 50.89%. The grape could pick for sale 3 days ahead， and the increase of unit area yield reached up to 13.16%.
[Conclusions] Straw mulching cultivation in vineyard is a good model for efficient recycling of crop straw and safe production of quality grape， and it provides a new technical approach for straw utilization， promising with good economic and ecological benefits.
Key words Straw mulching; Grape; Ecology; Quality
With the improvement of the living standards of Chinese people， the sales of grapes as fresh edible fruits are rising[1]. The grape planting industry has been developed as a pillar industry for the farmers to get rid of poverty and become better off in many regions， leading to the rapid development of grape planting industry in China， and by 2013， the grape planting area in China ranked fourth in the world[2]. Viticulture in China is mainly divided into 7 main producing areas[3]， among which the southern grape growing areas are mainly in the provinces of Anhui， Jiangsu， Zhejiang， Hubei， Hunan， Fujian， Guangxi， Yunan， Guizhou and Sichuan， where the grape planting is mainly characterized by the planting in hilly and mountainous areas. Located in the mountainous regions in Ning Town of Jiangsu Province， Jintan possesses typical climatic and geographical features of the southern grape growing areas[4]. Therefore， the effect of straw mulching on vineyard ecology and grape quality was studied with Jintan as an example， with the aim to solve the problems of weeds overgrowing， fertilizer and water losing， heavy fruit cracking and flavor declining caused by the weather conditions of too much rainy and scant light in southern grape planting regions through the straw mulching technique， and to provide reference information for the cultivation of high quality and high yield grapes. As one of the advanced field cultivation techniques， field covered cultivation technique aiming at conserving soil， water and fertilizer has been widely used in agricultural production at home and abroad in recent years[5]. There have been a number of reports on its ecological and economic benefits in crop planting， such as the filmmulching cultivation of corn. There are also quite a lot of reports on its effects on fruit trees， such as apples， dates and pears. According to the existing studies， the mulching cultivation technique can improve the soil physiochemical indicators of the orchard and improve the growth ability under stresses of fruit trees， making it beneficial to achieve stale yield and quality[6-12]. South Jiangsu area is the main producing area of rice and wheat in China， and the regions with ricewheat cropping system has very high straw yield. Therefore， how to deal with the straw has become an important ecological problem， which has attracted the attention of governments at all levels. If ecological environment for fruit trees can be improved by mulching the orchard with the straw， it cannot only stabilize the yield and quality of fruit trees， but also solve the ecological problem of straw burning， which will develop a new mode for the development of agroecology. Thus， a 3year experimental study was organized， and the details were as follows.
Materials and Methods
Test site
The test fields were located in the vineyard area of Jincheng Town， Jintan District， and the soil texture was clay loam.
Test materials
The test variety was a 4yearold summer black grape， which was cultivated in a fencetype open field. The material for mulching was the straw harvested the previous year.
Test design
Arranged by random block group， the test was carried out with 2 treatments： straw mulching and nostraw mulching， and each had 3 repetitions. Each plot had an area of 300 m 2. The amount of straw in the straw mulching treatment was 1 000 kg/666.7 m 2， and the mulching thickness was 8-10 cm.
Cultivation measures
In addition to mulching straw， all daily field cultivation management production measures were synchronized with largescale field production.
Observation methods
（1） Soil analysis. Before applying the base fertilizer in the vineyard， the soil sample was taken at the depth of 30 cm， which was tested in the Agricultural and Aquatic Products Testing Center of Jintan District， Changzhou City. The total nitrogen was analyzed according to the Method for Determination of Total Nitrogen in Soil （NY/T 531987， the available phosphorus was analyzed according to the Method for Determination of Available Phosphorus in Calcareous Soil （NY/T1491990）， the quickacting potassium was analyzed according to the Method for Determination of Soil Quickacting Potassium and SlowActing Potassium Content （NY/T8892004） ， and the organic matter was analyzed according to the Method for Determination of Soil Organic Matter （NY/T 851988）. （2） Ecological environment. The number and fresh weight of weeds were measured according to the samples collected at 9：00 on April 20.
（3） Growth state. The CO2 concentration of grape leaf canopy was measured using a handheld carbon dioxide concentration meter， and the photosynthetic rate of grape leaves were measured using the improved halfleaf method at 10：00 on June 15th.
（4） Fruit quality. After the fruit matured， 10 bunches of grapes were randomly taken from each plot to investigate the dehiscent fruit rate， single fruit weight and soluble solids content. The content of soluble solids obtained by using a handheld refractometer of the juice from 30 grains of grapes taken from the middle of a bunch， and the average value was taken.
Results and Analysis
Effect of straw mulching on soil physiochemical indicators
As shown in Table 1， in the straw mulching plot， the total nitrogen was 0.11% higher than that in the control with the increase reaching up to 91.67%; available phosphorus was increased by 64.68 mg/kg from that in the control with the increase reaching up to 259.76%; quickacting potassium was increased by 597.22 mg/kg with the increase reaching 442.39%; soil organic matter was 0.59% higher than that in the control with an increase of 34.30%. Soil porosity increased significantly with a soil bulk density of 1.143 g/cm 3， which had a decrease of 0.088 g/cm 3 from the control with the decrease reaching 7.15%. Therefore， the strawmulching cultivation technique improved the soil nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium and organic matter content as well as soil fertility， providing the fertility guarantee for the normal growth of grapes.
2.2 Effect of straw mulching on field weeds
As shown in Table 2， under the condition with 1 000 kg/m 2 of mulching straw （straw mulching thickness of 8-10 cm）， the control effect of weed quality was 87.45%， and the fresh weight control effect was 93.55%. Only a small amount of weeds grew in the place where the straw mulching was thin. The results showed that straw mulching had significant effects on inhibiting the growth and development of field weeds in vineyard， promising with good control effect.
Effect of straw mulching on photosynthetic rate of grape leaves
As shown in Table 3， the CO2 concentration of grape leaf canopy in the strawmulching field was 350 mg/kg higher than that in the control with an increase of 68.63%， and the leaf photosynthetic rate was 2.14 g/dm 2/h higher than that in the control plot with an increase of 18.24%. The results showed that straw mulching in vineyard improved the soil physiochemical properties， enhanced soil microbial activities， promoted the growth and development of grapes， increased the photosynthetic rate of grapes， which was beneficial for the accumulation of dry matters， thereby improving grape yield and quality. Effects of straw mulching on grape yield and quality
As shown in Table 4， the yield per unit area of the strawmulching plot reached 1 437.8 kg/666.7 m 2， which increased by 167.6 kg/666.7 m 2 from the control， an increase of 13.16%. The content of soluble solids in the strawmulching plot could reach up to 18.5%， which was 1.5% higher than that of the control， with an increase of 8.82%. The single grain weight was 11.5 g， which was 1.3 g more than that of the control， an increase of 12.75%. The dehiscent fruit rate of the strawmulching plot was 6.05%， which was 6.37 % lower than that of the control area， with the decrease reaching up to 50.89%. Grapes in the strawmulching plot had dark and even color and pink and thick flesh， and could be marketed about 3 d earlier， indicating that the straw mulching cultivation technique could significantly improve the yield and quality of grapes.
Effect of straw mulching on the economic benefits of grape planting
The statistical analysis on the test results showed that the prices of grapes from the strawmulching plot was higher than those without mulching due to the higher quality， and the difference in the average prices in 3 years was about 0.6 Yuan/kg. The costs for straw mulching in the vineyard were about 500 Yuan/666.7 m 2， so the average annual efficiency increase of 3 years was about 1 640 Yuan/666.7 m 2.
Agricultural Biotechnology2018
Conclusions and Discussion
（1） The straw mulching for 3 consecutive years improves soil microbial population， increases the number of cellulolytic bacteria， promotes the decomposition of rice straw to release a large amount of organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium， and effectively improves soil structure， soil fertility and the preservation performance of soil fertilizer and water.
（2） Mulching straw in vineyard can effectively control the occurrence of weeds with the plant control effect of 87.45%， and the fresh weight control effect of 93.55%， which reduces the amount of herbicide application and the damage of chemical herbicides to roots. The time， thickness and uniformity of straw mulching are the key to prevent and control weeds. It is recommended that the thickness of straw mulching should reach 8-10 cm， and the mulching time should be in winter and early spring， which can make the straw incorporate into soil during the topdressing in autumn.
（3） Mulching straw in vineyard not only improves soil fertility and water level， but also is conducive to the stability of soil moisture. It reduces the great changes of soil water and fertilizer， and significantly increases the photosynthetic rate of leaves， which ensures the relative stability of grape yield， quality and economic benefits. （4） Straw mulching in vineyard is a good model for efficient recycling of crop straw and safe production of quality grape， which provides a new technical approach for straw utilization， promising with important social and ecological benefits.
References
[1] WANG FM. Current status and development trend of fresh grape production in China[J]. Northwest Horticulture， 2003， 8：7-8.
[2] WANG HB， WANG BL， WANG XM， et al. Current situation and existing problems of grape industry in China and development countermeasures[J]. China Fruits， 2010， 11： 69-71.
[3] CUI S. Studies on grape cultivar and the suitable cultivation techniques in Jurong[D]. Nanjing： Nanjing Agricultural University. 2014.
[4] HUANG LX， GUO Q. Research progress in conservative tillage and its ecological effects[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi， 2007， 19（1）： 112-115.
[5] ZHANG QJ， LIU XC. Effects of different soil management methods on soil physical and chemical properties in apple orchard[J]. Yantai Fruits， 2004， （3）： 7-8.
[6] WANG BQ， WU J， WU T. Effects of film mulching on growth and fruit quality of Korla pear[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation Science and Technology， 2008， （1）： 17-19.
[7] LIU JX， WANG X， YANG JX. Effects of mulching straw in orchard on soil humus composition and biological characteristics[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation，2005，19（4）：93-95.
[8] LIN MJ. Adverse reactions of glyphosate to fruit trees and solutions[J]. Shanxi Fruits， 2009， 129（3）： 36-37.
[9] WANG J， OU Y， XIE YH， et al. Effects of mulching on a plum orchard[J]. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University （Natural Science）， 2006， 28（4）： 601-605.
[10] ZHANG Y， LING JC. Effects of different mulching on growth of branches and resistance of red globe in greenhouse[J]. SinoOverseas Grapevine & Wine， 2015， 6：17-19.
[11] LIU JX. The effects of grass mulching on soil fertility in orchard and output and quality of apple[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas， 2004， 22（1）： 102-105.
[12] DAI YT. Study on the grass mulching effect of orchard[J]. Northern Fruits，1990，2：31-35.
[Methods] Tests were carried out for 3 consecutive years of mulching straw in vineyard of southern Jiangsu Province.
[Results] The results showed that mulching straw continuously could effectively improve soil physicochemical properties， weed controlling effect， and the photosynthetic rate of leaves， as well as the yield and quality of grapes. The contents of total nitrogen， available phosphorus， quickacting potassium and organic matter increased up to 91.67%， 259.76%， 442.39% and 34.30%， respectively. Soil bulk density decreased by 7.15%， and the weed plant control effect reached 87.45%. The increased of fresh weight was up to 93.55%， and the increase of the leaf parenthetical rate was up to 18.24%. The increases of soluble solids content and single grain weight reached up to 8.82% and 12.75%. The rate of dehiscent fruit was decreased by 50.89%. The grape could pick for sale 3 days ahead， and the increase of unit area yield reached up to 13.16%.
[Conclusions] Straw mulching cultivation in vineyard is a good model for efficient recycling of crop straw and safe production of quality grape， and it provides a new technical approach for straw utilization， promising with good economic and ecological benefits.
Key words Straw mulching; Grape; Ecology; Quality
With the improvement of the living standards of Chinese people， the sales of grapes as fresh edible fruits are rising[1]. The grape planting industry has been developed as a pillar industry for the farmers to get rid of poverty and become better off in many regions， leading to the rapid development of grape planting industry in China， and by 2013， the grape planting area in China ranked fourth in the world[2]. Viticulture in China is mainly divided into 7 main producing areas[3]， among which the southern grape growing areas are mainly in the provinces of Anhui， Jiangsu， Zhejiang， Hubei， Hunan， Fujian， Guangxi， Yunan， Guizhou and Sichuan， where the grape planting is mainly characterized by the planting in hilly and mountainous areas. Located in the mountainous regions in Ning Town of Jiangsu Province， Jintan possesses typical climatic and geographical features of the southern grape growing areas[4]. Therefore， the effect of straw mulching on vineyard ecology and grape quality was studied with Jintan as an example， with the aim to solve the problems of weeds overgrowing， fertilizer and water losing， heavy fruit cracking and flavor declining caused by the weather conditions of too much rainy and scant light in southern grape planting regions through the straw mulching technique， and to provide reference information for the cultivation of high quality and high yield grapes. As one of the advanced field cultivation techniques， field covered cultivation technique aiming at conserving soil， water and fertilizer has been widely used in agricultural production at home and abroad in recent years[5]. There have been a number of reports on its ecological and economic benefits in crop planting， such as the filmmulching cultivation of corn. There are also quite a lot of reports on its effects on fruit trees， such as apples， dates and pears. According to the existing studies， the mulching cultivation technique can improve the soil physiochemical indicators of the orchard and improve the growth ability under stresses of fruit trees， making it beneficial to achieve stale yield and quality[6-12]. South Jiangsu area is the main producing area of rice and wheat in China， and the regions with ricewheat cropping system has very high straw yield. Therefore， how to deal with the straw has become an important ecological problem， which has attracted the attention of governments at all levels. If ecological environment for fruit trees can be improved by mulching the orchard with the straw， it cannot only stabilize the yield and quality of fruit trees， but also solve the ecological problem of straw burning， which will develop a new mode for the development of agroecology. Thus， a 3year experimental study was organized， and the details were as follows.
Materials and Methods
Test site
The test fields were located in the vineyard area of Jincheng Town， Jintan District， and the soil texture was clay loam.
Test materials
The test variety was a 4yearold summer black grape， which was cultivated in a fencetype open field. The material for mulching was the straw harvested the previous year.
Test design
Arranged by random block group， the test was carried out with 2 treatments： straw mulching and nostraw mulching， and each had 3 repetitions. Each plot had an area of 300 m 2. The amount of straw in the straw mulching treatment was 1 000 kg/666.7 m 2， and the mulching thickness was 8-10 cm.
Cultivation measures
In addition to mulching straw， all daily field cultivation management production measures were synchronized with largescale field production.
Observation methods
（1） Soil analysis. Before applying the base fertilizer in the vineyard， the soil sample was taken at the depth of 30 cm， which was tested in the Agricultural and Aquatic Products Testing Center of Jintan District， Changzhou City. The total nitrogen was analyzed according to the Method for Determination of Total Nitrogen in Soil （NY/T 531987， the available phosphorus was analyzed according to the Method for Determination of Available Phosphorus in Calcareous Soil （NY/T1491990）， the quickacting potassium was analyzed according to the Method for Determination of Soil Quickacting Potassium and SlowActing Potassium Content （NY/T8892004） ， and the organic matter was analyzed according to the Method for Determination of Soil Organic Matter （NY/T 851988）. （2） Ecological environment. The number and fresh weight of weeds were measured according to the samples collected at 9：00 on April 20.
（3） Growth state. The CO2 concentration of grape leaf canopy was measured using a handheld carbon dioxide concentration meter， and the photosynthetic rate of grape leaves were measured using the improved halfleaf method at 10：00 on June 15th.
（4） Fruit quality. After the fruit matured， 10 bunches of grapes were randomly taken from each plot to investigate the dehiscent fruit rate， single fruit weight and soluble solids content. The content of soluble solids obtained by using a handheld refractometer of the juice from 30 grains of grapes taken from the middle of a bunch， and the average value was taken.
Results and Analysis
Effect of straw mulching on soil physiochemical indicators
As shown in Table 1， in the straw mulching plot， the total nitrogen was 0.11% higher than that in the control with the increase reaching up to 91.67%; available phosphorus was increased by 64.68 mg/kg from that in the control with the increase reaching up to 259.76%; quickacting potassium was increased by 597.22 mg/kg with the increase reaching 442.39%; soil organic matter was 0.59% higher than that in the control with an increase of 34.30%. Soil porosity increased significantly with a soil bulk density of 1.143 g/cm 3， which had a decrease of 0.088 g/cm 3 from the control with the decrease reaching 7.15%. Therefore， the strawmulching cultivation technique improved the soil nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium and organic matter content as well as soil fertility， providing the fertility guarantee for the normal growth of grapes.
2.2 Effect of straw mulching on field weeds
As shown in Table 2， under the condition with 1 000 kg/m 2 of mulching straw （straw mulching thickness of 8-10 cm）， the control effect of weed quality was 87.45%， and the fresh weight control effect was 93.55%. Only a small amount of weeds grew in the place where the straw mulching was thin. The results showed that straw mulching had significant effects on inhibiting the growth and development of field weeds in vineyard， promising with good control effect.
Effect of straw mulching on photosynthetic rate of grape leaves
As shown in Table 3， the CO2 concentration of grape leaf canopy in the strawmulching field was 350 mg/kg higher than that in the control with an increase of 68.63%， and the leaf photosynthetic rate was 2.14 g/dm 2/h higher than that in the control plot with an increase of 18.24%. The results showed that straw mulching in vineyard improved the soil physiochemical properties， enhanced soil microbial activities， promoted the growth and development of grapes， increased the photosynthetic rate of grapes， which was beneficial for the accumulation of dry matters， thereby improving grape yield and quality. Effects of straw mulching on grape yield and quality
As shown in Table 4， the yield per unit area of the strawmulching plot reached 1 437.8 kg/666.7 m 2， which increased by 167.6 kg/666.7 m 2 from the control， an increase of 13.16%. The content of soluble solids in the strawmulching plot could reach up to 18.5%， which was 1.5% higher than that of the control， with an increase of 8.82%. The single grain weight was 11.5 g， which was 1.3 g more than that of the control， an increase of 12.75%. The dehiscent fruit rate of the strawmulching plot was 6.05%， which was 6.37 % lower than that of the control area， with the decrease reaching up to 50.89%. Grapes in the strawmulching plot had dark and even color and pink and thick flesh， and could be marketed about 3 d earlier， indicating that the straw mulching cultivation technique could significantly improve the yield and quality of grapes.
Effect of straw mulching on the economic benefits of grape planting
The statistical analysis on the test results showed that the prices of grapes from the strawmulching plot was higher than those without mulching due to the higher quality， and the difference in the average prices in 3 years was about 0.6 Yuan/kg. The costs for straw mulching in the vineyard were about 500 Yuan/666.7 m 2， so the average annual efficiency increase of 3 years was about 1 640 Yuan/666.7 m 2.
Agricultural Biotechnology2018
Conclusions and Discussion
（1） The straw mulching for 3 consecutive years improves soil microbial population， increases the number of cellulolytic bacteria， promotes the decomposition of rice straw to release a large amount of organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium， and effectively improves soil structure， soil fertility and the preservation performance of soil fertilizer and water.
（2） Mulching straw in vineyard can effectively control the occurrence of weeds with the plant control effect of 87.45%， and the fresh weight control effect of 93.55%， which reduces the amount of herbicide application and the damage of chemical herbicides to roots. The time， thickness and uniformity of straw mulching are the key to prevent and control weeds. It is recommended that the thickness of straw mulching should reach 8-10 cm， and the mulching time should be in winter and early spring， which can make the straw incorporate into soil during the topdressing in autumn.
（3） Mulching straw in vineyard not only improves soil fertility and water level， but also is conducive to the stability of soil moisture. It reduces the great changes of soil water and fertilizer， and significantly increases the photosynthetic rate of leaves， which ensures the relative stability of grape yield， quality and economic benefits. （4） Straw mulching in vineyard is a good model for efficient recycling of crop straw and safe production of quality grape， which provides a new technical approach for straw utilization， promising with important social and ecological benefits.
References
[1] WANG FM. Current status and development trend of fresh grape production in China[J]. Northwest Horticulture， 2003， 8：7-8.
[2] WANG HB， WANG BL， WANG XM， et al. Current situation and existing problems of grape industry in China and development countermeasures[J]. China Fruits， 2010， 11： 69-71.
[3] CUI S. Studies on grape cultivar and the suitable cultivation techniques in Jurong[D]. Nanjing： Nanjing Agricultural University. 2014.
[4] HUANG LX， GUO Q. Research progress in conservative tillage and its ecological effects[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi， 2007， 19（1）： 112-115.
[5] ZHANG QJ， LIU XC. Effects of different soil management methods on soil physical and chemical properties in apple orchard[J]. Yantai Fruits， 2004， （3）： 7-8.
[6] WANG BQ， WU J， WU T. Effects of film mulching on growth and fruit quality of Korla pear[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation Science and Technology， 2008， （1）： 17-19.
[7] LIU JX， WANG X， YANG JX. Effects of mulching straw in orchard on soil humus composition and biological characteristics[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation，2005，19（4）：93-95.
[8] LIN MJ. Adverse reactions of glyphosate to fruit trees and solutions[J]. Shanxi Fruits， 2009， 129（3）： 36-37.
[9] WANG J， OU Y， XIE YH， et al. Effects of mulching on a plum orchard[J]. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University （Natural Science）， 2006， 28（4）： 601-605.
[10] ZHANG Y， LING JC. Effects of different mulching on growth of branches and resistance of red globe in greenhouse[J]. SinoOverseas Grapevine & Wine， 2015， 6：17-19.
[11] LIU JX. The effects of grass mulching on soil fertility in orchard and output and quality of apple[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas， 2004， 22（1）： 102-105.
[12] DAI YT. Study on the grass mulching effect of orchard[J]. Northern Fruits，1990，2：31-35.