Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP), well known as phosphorene, has triggered tremendous attention since the first discovery in 2014. The unique puckered monolayer structure endows 2D BP intriguing properties, which facilitate its potential applications in various fields, such as catalyst, energy storage, sensor, etc. Owing to the large surface area, good electric conductivity, and high theoreti-cal specific capacity, 2D BP has been widely studied as electrode materials and significantly enhanced the performance of energy storage devices. With the rapid development of energy storage devices based on 2D BP, a timely review on this topic is in demand to further extend the application of 2D BP in energy storage. In this review, recent advances in experimental and theoretical development of 2D BP are pre-sented along with its structures, properties, and synthetic methods. Particularly, their emerging applica-tions in electrochemical energy storage, including -Li?/K?/Mg?/Na-ion, Li–S batteries, and supercapacitors, are systematically summarized with milestones as well as the challenges. Benefited from the fast-growing dynamic investigation of 2D BP, some possible improvements and constructive perspectives are provided to guide the design of 2D BP-based energy storage devices with high performance.