我们可以用几种方法来探讨从19世纪中期至今城市作为一个社会系统这一问题。我们可以追问城市是否是或一直都是社会系统,这个问题的焦点集中在城市区域中人们之间或民族之间的相互关系。尽管这表面上看来是一个明确的起点,但这种询问并没有获得成果。“社会”和“系统”这两 There are several ways in which we can explore the question of the city as a social system from the mid-19th century to the present. We can ask if cities are or have always been social systems, and the focus of this issue is on the interrelationships among people or nations in urban areas. Although this appears to be a clear starting point, this inquiry did not yield results. “Social ” and “system ” these two