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定语从句的学习是高中英语的重点,又是难点。学生开始学习时会感到很难,有越学越难的感觉。笔者结多年语法教学实践,针对学生在学习过程中所遇到的问题谈谈自己的看法,希望能帮助学生解决疑惑,从而轻松掌握这一语法重难点。
一、认识定语的概念。
定语的定义是:形容词修饰名词或代词的作用叫定语。而表示法可以叙述为:定语由①形容词;②相当于形容词的词;③相当于形容词的短语;④相当于形容词的句子充当。这个相当于形容词的句子就是定语从句。
先通过大量的举例使学生从感性和理性二个角度来认识定语从句和定语的关系。如:
①This is a small box.
He is a lazy boy.
②This is an apple tree.
There are 55 students in class 1.
③The girl in a hat is Lucy.
Would you like something to eat?
The boy playing over there is my brother.
The cup broken by Jim is valuable.
④The man who I met on the street is my math teacher.
The house where we played cards is small.
二、定语从句和非谓语动词短语作定语时的转换。
可以通过定语从句和非谓语动词短语作定语时的转换,使学生认识定语从句的表达方式,这样能把非谓语动词的学习和定语从句的学习结合起来,同时也能加深对非谓语动词作定语的学习与认识。如:
1.The girl in a hat is lucy.
→The girl who is in a hat is lucy.
2.The boy playing over there is my brother.
→The boy who is playing over there is my brother.
3.The cup broken by Jim is valuable.
→The cup that was broken by Jim is valuable.
在平时的课堂教学中向学生多讲这种升降格的做法及应注意的时态和语态问题,不仅能把非谓动词短语作定语与定语从句结合起来,而且能让学生更加深刻地认识定语。
三、注意定语从句在英汉两种语序翻译上的差异。
英语中定语从句绝大多数是后置定语,而汉语是前置定语,所以定语从句多译成主谓结构加“的”的形式,放在被修饰词的前面。请比较:
1.The man who I met on the street is my math teacher.(我在街上遇到的那个人是我的数学老师。)
2.The house where we played cards is small.(我们在里面打牌的那栋房小。)
两者正好相反的语序加大了定语从句的难度。教学时应精心设计一些练习,加强学生对这种差异的认识。
四、认识引导词在定语从句中的作用。
引导定语从句的引导词不仅引出从句,指代先行词,连接着主句和从句,而且还在定语从句中充当成分。教师要多讲引导词在从句中所担当的成分,培养学生在学习时把引导词的各个作用都考虑到,这样就能逐步把关系代词和关系副词的使用区分开来。请比较下面两组例子:
(1)a.I won’t forget the day _______ we met for the first time.
b.I will never forget the days _______ we spent together on the farm.
(2)a.This is the school _______ they studied last year.
b.This is the school _______ they visited last year.
有些学生在上述两组的空白处分别填when,where,这是由于忽略了引导词在定语从句中所担当的成分而造成的。
在上述二组中第一个句子填when和where是正确的,因为它们在从句中作时间状语和地点状语。在上述二组句子中的第二个句子中,尽管各自的先行词与第一个句子的相同,但要用的引导词是否一样,就要予以认真分析,第一组中第二句中,先行词作spent的宾语,第二组中的先行词作visited的宾语,故都应填关系代词that或which。讲解时学生难以判断引导词在从句中所充当的成分时,可要求学生把复合句拆分成简单句,还原该引导词所代替的句子成分,这样就很容易弄清它所作的成分。
五、介词 which 结构中的介词如何确定。
它还可以替换when,where,why等关系副词。
1.说明在“介词 关系代词”结构中,介词的选用取决于先行词的意义和从句中谓语动词的搭配。例如:
①Do you know the boy to whom my mother is talking?(whom前用to,取决于从句中 is talking to的搭配)
②This is the house in which we lived last year.(which前用in,取决于先行词的搭配in the house)
③I want to find the pen with which I wrote the letter.(which前用with,取决于先行词的搭配with the pen)
注意:含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开使用,介词仍需要放在动词后面,因為短语动词属于固定搭配。例如:
④Is this the DVD player which you are looking for?
look for 是短语动词,不能拆开。
2.举例说明可用“介词 关系代词”结构替换关系副词when,where,why等。例如:
①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
→I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
②The house where he lives needs repairing.
→The house in which he lives needs repairing.
→The house (which/that) he lives in needs repairing.
③The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
→The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
→The reason(which/that) I’m calling you for is to invite you to a party.
六、关系代词whose不仅可以指人,而且还可指物,归纳说明关系代词whose的用法。
1.关系代词whose既是who的所有格,又是which的所有格,在定语从句中作定语。因此,除指人之外,whose还可以指物。如:
①I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.(指人所属的关系)
②please show me the book whose cover is red.(指物的所属关系)
2.关系代词whose指物时,可用“of which”结构代替。词序是:限定词(冠词、指示代词、物主代词等) n. “of which”;也可以是:“of which” 限定词n.。如:
①I live in the room whose window faces south.
→I live in the room the window of which faces south.
→I live in the room of which the window faces south.
②Which is car whose owner you know?
→Which is the car the owner of which you know?
→Which is the car of which the owner you know?
七、注意句子中定冠詞的修饰作用,判断定语从句的关系代词,调整句子结构,还原定冠词的位置。
先看下面两个句子:
①Is this shopping mall _______ sells many kinds of mobile phones?
②Is this the shopping mall _______ sells many kinds of mobile phones?
A.whereB.the one thatC.which
两个句子都是疑问句形式,可先将它们变成陈述句形式:
①→This shopping mall is _______ sells many kinds of mobile phones.
②→This is the shopping mall _______ sells many kinds of mobile phones.
由此可知,句①缺少先行词和引导词,所以要选B。而句②缺少从句中作主语的关系代词,因而要选C。假如遇到题干为疑问句、倒装句、强调句等特殊语序的选择题时,最好先将句子还原为陈述语序,再选择。这样,可以降低题目难度,有利于把握句子结构,明确题意,从而准确作答。
再比较下面两个句子:
③He is the (only) one of the students who _______ Russian in our school.
A.know B.knows C.knew
④Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that _______ been produced in Hollywood.
A.haveB.has C.were
针对这两题,学生往往会选A。实际上,由于定冠词的作用,已使句子的先行词发生了变化。句③在one前加了the(only),表示后面的定词从句修饰的就是先行词“the(only)one”,而不是“the students”,所以动词用单数knows;而句④中的one前没有定冠词,后面的定语从句修饰的是先行词movies,所以动词用复数have。
八、句子中逗号或句号的作用。
说明标点符号对句子结构的影响,试比较以下三个句子:
①He has two sons.One of _______ wants to be an astronaut.
②He has two sons,and one of _______ wants to be an astronaut.
③He has two sons,one of _______ wants to be an astronaut.
A.them B.they C.whom D./
除了在“one of”前面使用的标点符号不同和句②有并列连词and之外,上述三个句子完全相同。根据句意,这三句话的空白处都需填入一词,否则句意不完整。句①是两个完整的简单句,句②的连词and前后是并列分词,句①、②的空白处应是一个可与one of共同作主语的人称代词,因此,都可填them。句③用的尽管也是逗号,但没有并列连词and,并且句③的逗号表示其前后是同一句子的两个部分。从句子的结构可知,在该逗号之后应是一个定语从句。定语从句的引导词要用关系代词,而不能用人称代词,所以,句③要填whom。
九、误将强调句型当定语从句。
去掉It is (was)...that的结构,还原此结构中间的成分。试比较以下三个句子:
①It was in the kitchen _______ the fire broke out.
A.whereB.thatC./
②Was it because it snowed last night _______ you didn’t come?
A.thatB.when C./
③It is the first American movie _______ I’ve ever seen.
A./ B.whatC.that
句①、②、③均填that,但并非都是定语从句。针对形似定语从句而实际上并不是定语从句的句子,应注意先去掉It is(was)...that这个结构后,再还原整个句子。如果句子还原后,在语法和句意上都完整,则属于强调句型,而非定语从句。否则,是定语从句。句①、②均可还原,而且语法和意义都完整,所以是强调句型;句③还原后,结构和意义产生歧义,则是定语从句。
十、合并成含定语从句的复合句时,去掉已被替代了的词语。
把两个或多个句子合并成含定语从句的复合句,是弄清定语从句的一种有效方法。但是,做这种练习时,不少学生用了关系代词或关系副词以后,却没有去掉已被替代的词语,造成错句。请比较:
①She is a girl.
I met her at the party.
→(误)She is a girl (who/whom) I met her at the party.
→(正)She is a girl (who/whom) I met at the party.
②The hotel wasn’t clean.
We stayed at the hotel.
→(误)The hotel where we stayed at it wasn’t clean.
→(正)The hotel where we stayed wasn’t clean.
③I will never forget the days.
We spent those days together on the farm.
→(误)I will never forget the days that we spent those days together on the farm.
→(正)I will never forget the days(that/which) we spent together on the farm.
要解决上述问题,教师可列出正、误句子;要求学生观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习,培养他们自我纠错的能力。只有这样,才能突破定语从句这个重点和难点。
一、认识定语的概念。
定语的定义是:形容词修饰名词或代词的作用叫定语。而表示法可以叙述为:定语由①形容词;②相当于形容词的词;③相当于形容词的短语;④相当于形容词的句子充当。这个相当于形容词的句子就是定语从句。
先通过大量的举例使学生从感性和理性二个角度来认识定语从句和定语的关系。如:
①This is a small box.
He is a lazy boy.
②This is an apple tree.
There are 55 students in class 1.
③The girl in a hat is Lucy.
Would you like something to eat?
The boy playing over there is my brother.
The cup broken by Jim is valuable.
④The man who I met on the street is my math teacher.
The house where we played cards is small.
二、定语从句和非谓语动词短语作定语时的转换。
可以通过定语从句和非谓语动词短语作定语时的转换,使学生认识定语从句的表达方式,这样能把非谓语动词的学习和定语从句的学习结合起来,同时也能加深对非谓语动词作定语的学习与认识。如:
1.The girl in a hat is lucy.
→The girl who is in a hat is lucy.
2.The boy playing over there is my brother.
→The boy who is playing over there is my brother.
3.The cup broken by Jim is valuable.
→The cup that was broken by Jim is valuable.
在平时的课堂教学中向学生多讲这种升降格的做法及应注意的时态和语态问题,不仅能把非谓动词短语作定语与定语从句结合起来,而且能让学生更加深刻地认识定语。
三、注意定语从句在英汉两种语序翻译上的差异。
英语中定语从句绝大多数是后置定语,而汉语是前置定语,所以定语从句多译成主谓结构加“的”的形式,放在被修饰词的前面。请比较:
1.The man who I met on the street is my math teacher.(我在街上遇到的那个人是我的数学老师。)
2.The house where we played cards is small.(我们在里面打牌的那栋房小。)
两者正好相反的语序加大了定语从句的难度。教学时应精心设计一些练习,加强学生对这种差异的认识。
四、认识引导词在定语从句中的作用。
引导定语从句的引导词不仅引出从句,指代先行词,连接着主句和从句,而且还在定语从句中充当成分。教师要多讲引导词在从句中所担当的成分,培养学生在学习时把引导词的各个作用都考虑到,这样就能逐步把关系代词和关系副词的使用区分开来。请比较下面两组例子:
(1)a.I won’t forget the day _______ we met for the first time.
b.I will never forget the days _______ we spent together on the farm.
(2)a.This is the school _______ they studied last year.
b.This is the school _______ they visited last year.
有些学生在上述两组的空白处分别填when,where,这是由于忽略了引导词在定语从句中所担当的成分而造成的。
在上述二组中第一个句子填when和where是正确的,因为它们在从句中作时间状语和地点状语。在上述二组句子中的第二个句子中,尽管各自的先行词与第一个句子的相同,但要用的引导词是否一样,就要予以认真分析,第一组中第二句中,先行词作spent的宾语,第二组中的先行词作visited的宾语,故都应填关系代词that或which。讲解时学生难以判断引导词在从句中所充当的成分时,可要求学生把复合句拆分成简单句,还原该引导词所代替的句子成分,这样就很容易弄清它所作的成分。
五、介词 which 结构中的介词如何确定。
它还可以替换when,where,why等关系副词。
1.说明在“介词 关系代词”结构中,介词的选用取决于先行词的意义和从句中谓语动词的搭配。例如:
①Do you know the boy to whom my mother is talking?(whom前用to,取决于从句中 is talking to的搭配)
②This is the house in which we lived last year.(which前用in,取决于先行词的搭配in the house)
③I want to find the pen with which I wrote the letter.(which前用with,取决于先行词的搭配with the pen)
注意:含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开使用,介词仍需要放在动词后面,因為短语动词属于固定搭配。例如:
④Is this the DVD player which you are looking for?
look for 是短语动词,不能拆开。
2.举例说明可用“介词 关系代词”结构替换关系副词when,where,why等。例如:
①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
→I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
②The house where he lives needs repairing.
→The house in which he lives needs repairing.
→The house (which/that) he lives in needs repairing.
③The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
→The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
→The reason(which/that) I’m calling you for is to invite you to a party.
六、关系代词whose不仅可以指人,而且还可指物,归纳说明关系代词whose的用法。
1.关系代词whose既是who的所有格,又是which的所有格,在定语从句中作定语。因此,除指人之外,whose还可以指物。如:
①I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.(指人所属的关系)
②please show me the book whose cover is red.(指物的所属关系)
2.关系代词whose指物时,可用“of which”结构代替。词序是:限定词(冠词、指示代词、物主代词等) n. “of which”;也可以是:“of which” 限定词n.。如:
①I live in the room whose window faces south.
→I live in the room the window of which faces south.
→I live in the room of which the window faces south.
②Which is car whose owner you know?
→Which is the car the owner of which you know?
→Which is the car of which the owner you know?
七、注意句子中定冠詞的修饰作用,判断定语从句的关系代词,调整句子结构,还原定冠词的位置。
先看下面两个句子:
①Is this shopping mall _______ sells many kinds of mobile phones?
②Is this the shopping mall _______ sells many kinds of mobile phones?
A.whereB.the one thatC.which
两个句子都是疑问句形式,可先将它们变成陈述句形式:
①→This shopping mall is _______ sells many kinds of mobile phones.
②→This is the shopping mall _______ sells many kinds of mobile phones.
由此可知,句①缺少先行词和引导词,所以要选B。而句②缺少从句中作主语的关系代词,因而要选C。假如遇到题干为疑问句、倒装句、强调句等特殊语序的选择题时,最好先将句子还原为陈述语序,再选择。这样,可以降低题目难度,有利于把握句子结构,明确题意,从而准确作答。
再比较下面两个句子:
③He is the (only) one of the students who _______ Russian in our school.
A.know B.knows C.knew
④Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that _______ been produced in Hollywood.
A.haveB.has C.were
针对这两题,学生往往会选A。实际上,由于定冠词的作用,已使句子的先行词发生了变化。句③在one前加了the(only),表示后面的定词从句修饰的就是先行词“the(only)one”,而不是“the students”,所以动词用单数knows;而句④中的one前没有定冠词,后面的定语从句修饰的是先行词movies,所以动词用复数have。
八、句子中逗号或句号的作用。
说明标点符号对句子结构的影响,试比较以下三个句子:
①He has two sons.One of _______ wants to be an astronaut.
②He has two sons,and one of _______ wants to be an astronaut.
③He has two sons,one of _______ wants to be an astronaut.
A.them B.they C.whom D./
除了在“one of”前面使用的标点符号不同和句②有并列连词and之外,上述三个句子完全相同。根据句意,这三句话的空白处都需填入一词,否则句意不完整。句①是两个完整的简单句,句②的连词and前后是并列分词,句①、②的空白处应是一个可与one of共同作主语的人称代词,因此,都可填them。句③用的尽管也是逗号,但没有并列连词and,并且句③的逗号表示其前后是同一句子的两个部分。从句子的结构可知,在该逗号之后应是一个定语从句。定语从句的引导词要用关系代词,而不能用人称代词,所以,句③要填whom。
九、误将强调句型当定语从句。
去掉It is (was)...that的结构,还原此结构中间的成分。试比较以下三个句子:
①It was in the kitchen _______ the fire broke out.
A.whereB.thatC./
②Was it because it snowed last night _______ you didn’t come?
A.thatB.when C./
③It is the first American movie _______ I’ve ever seen.
A./ B.whatC.that
句①、②、③均填that,但并非都是定语从句。针对形似定语从句而实际上并不是定语从句的句子,应注意先去掉It is(was)...that这个结构后,再还原整个句子。如果句子还原后,在语法和句意上都完整,则属于强调句型,而非定语从句。否则,是定语从句。句①、②均可还原,而且语法和意义都完整,所以是强调句型;句③还原后,结构和意义产生歧义,则是定语从句。
十、合并成含定语从句的复合句时,去掉已被替代了的词语。
把两个或多个句子合并成含定语从句的复合句,是弄清定语从句的一种有效方法。但是,做这种练习时,不少学生用了关系代词或关系副词以后,却没有去掉已被替代的词语,造成错句。请比较:
①She is a girl.
I met her at the party.
→(误)She is a girl (who/whom) I met her at the party.
→(正)She is a girl (who/whom) I met at the party.
②The hotel wasn’t clean.
We stayed at the hotel.
→(误)The hotel where we stayed at it wasn’t clean.
→(正)The hotel where we stayed wasn’t clean.
③I will never forget the days.
We spent those days together on the farm.
→(误)I will never forget the days that we spent those days together on the farm.
→(正)I will never forget the days(that/which) we spent together on the farm.
要解决上述问题,教师可列出正、误句子;要求学生观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习,培养他们自我纠错的能力。只有这样,才能突破定语从句这个重点和难点。