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表面上看来,卖淫嫖娼作为性资源的交易似乎没有受害者,然而其外部成本是显而易见的。用法律惩罚卖淫嫖娼遏制了它所产生的外部成本。然而基于卖淫嫖娼的刑罚控制成本,法律又只能将卖淫嫖娼视为一般的违法行为。在理论上,刑罚的合理边界应当确定在边际刑罚收益与边际刑罚成本恰好相等的位置上。所以一种行为会对他人或社会造成损害不是刑罚控制这种行为的充分理由,尤其是在刑罚收益不能补偿刑罚成本的时候。为了节省公共资源的投入,国家就要被迫限定刑罚的范围或者说是刑罚的边界,许多有害行为因此可以“逍遥”于刑罚之外。
On the face of it, there appears to be no victim to prostitution as a sexual resource, yet its external costs are obvious. Punishing prostitution with law penalizes the external costs it generates. However, based on the penalties for prostitution and prostitution, the law can only treat prostitution as a general offense. In theory, the reasonable boundary of the penalty should be determined at exactly where the marginal penalty benefit and the marginal penalty cost are equal. So a kind of behavior will cause harm to others or society is not a sufficient reason for the penalty control of such behavior, especially when the penalty income can not compensate the penalty cost. In order to save the input of public resources, the state should be forced to limit the scope of the penalty or the boundary of the penalty. Therefore, many harmful behaviors can be “happy” beyond the penalty.