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中圖分类号 R543.5 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408(2019)03-0338-06
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2019.03.12
摘 要 目的:研究阿托伐他汀与一氧化碳供体分子3(CORM-3)联用对动脉粥样硬化(AS)易损斑块模型大鼠炎症及氧化应激指标的影响。方法:取大鼠随机分为对照组(灌胃生理盐水)、模型组(灌胃生理盐水)、他汀组[灌胃阿托伐他汀2 mg/kg]、他汀+CORM-3组[灌胃阿托伐他汀2 mg/kg+腹腔注射CORM-3 10 mg/kg],每组8只。对照组大鼠予以基础饲料喂养,右颈总动脉只经历手术暴露但不予损伤并用生理盐水代替药物干预;其余3组大鼠均予以高脂饲料喂养+右颈总动脉损伤+异种蛋白注射刺激免疫炎症反应等方法复制AS易损斑块模型,继续饲养10周后,给予相应药物进行干预,每天1次,连续2周。末次给药24 h后取腹腔动脉血,使用全自动生化分析仪测定血浆中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)浓度,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血浆中超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)、单核细胞超化蛋白1(MCP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)水平,化学比色法测定血浆中丙二醛(MDA)、氧化修饰型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)水平,Western blot法测定血红素氧合酶1(HO-1)蛋白表达水平,并取右颈总动脉在光镜下观察病理学变化。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠LDL-C、hs-CRP、MCP-1、MMP-9、MDA、ox-LDL水平和HO-1蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P<0.05),HDL-C、IL-10水平均明显降低(P<0.05),右颈总动脉形成明显的易损斑块。与模型组比较,他汀组和他汀+CORM-3组大鼠LDL-C、hs-CRP、MCP-1、MMP-9、MDA、ox-LDL水平均明显降低(P<0.05),HDL-C、IL-10水平和HO-1蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P<0.05),其中除LDL-C、HDL-C外其余指标他汀+CORM-3组改善效果较他汀组更明显(P<0.05),他汀组颈动脉斑块改变尚不明显,但他汀+CORM-3组AS病变较模型组和他汀组显著减轻,斑块结构也更趋稳定。结论:阿托伐他汀与CORM-3联用对AS易损斑块模型大鼠炎症及氧化应激指标的改善作用强于单用阿托伐他汀,能促进AS易损斑块稳定。
关键词 阿托伐他汀;一氧化碳供体分子3;动脉粥样硬化;易损斑块;炎症;氧化应激;大鼠
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of atorvastatin combined with carbon monoxide releasing molecule 3 (CORM-3) on inflammation and oxidative stress indexes in atherosclerotic (AS) vulnerable plaque model rats. METHODS: The rats were randomly divided into control group (normal saline, i.g.), model group (normal saline, i.g.), statin group (atorvastatin 2 mg/kg, i.g.), and statin+CORM-3 group (atorvastatin 2 mg/kg, i.g.+CORM-3 10 mg/kg, i.p.), with 8 rats in each group. Control group was fed with basal diet, and the right common carotid artery was exposed to surgery without injury and was treated with normal saline instead of drug; other three groups were fed with high-fat diet+right common carotid artery injury+heteroprotein injection to induce AS vulnerable plaque model, for 10 weeks; and then they were given relevant medicine for intervention, once a day, for consecutive 2 weeks. 24 h after last medication, abdominal artery blood was collected; the concentration of LDL-C and HDL-C were determined by fully automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of hs-CRP, IL-10, MCP-1 and MMP-9 in plasma were detected by ELISA; plasma levels of MDA and oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were determined by chemical colorimetry; the protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was determined by Western blot. The pathological changes of right common carotid artery were observed under light microscope. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the levels of LDL-C, hs-CRP, MCP-1, MMP-9, MDA and ox-LDL, and protein expression of HO-1 were increased significantly (P<0.05), while the levels of HDL-C and IL-10 were decreased significantly in model group (P<0.05); the right common carotid artery formed obvious AS plaques. Compared with model group, the levels of LDL-C, hs-CRP, MCP-1, MMP-9, MDA and ox-LDL were decreased significantly in statin group and statin+CORM-3 group in model group (P<0.05), while the levels of HDL-C, IL-10 and the protein expression of HO-1 were increased significantly (P<0.05). Except for LDL-C and HDL-C, the improvement of other indexes in statin+CORM-3 group was more significant than statin group (P<0.05); pathological changes of right common carotid artery in statin group were not obvious, but the pathological changes of rats in statin+CORM-3 group were significantly alleviated and plaque structure also tended to be more stable. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin combined with CORM-3 is better than atorvastatin alone in improving inflammation and oxidative stress indexes of AS vulnerable plaque model rats, and can promote the stability of AS vulnerable plaques. 他汀類药主要通过调脂作用抑制AS[17],其稳定或逆转AS易损斑块的过程缓慢,短期干预常难有显著改善。然而又有研究发现,他汀类药能通过p38腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)、核转录因子 κB(NF-κB)、Nrf-2/ARE等细胞信号转导途径诱导HO-1蛋白表达,后者可能是他汀类药抗炎、抗氧化应激等“调脂外作用”的主要介导者,可先于调脂作用显现出对AS易损斑块的稳定效果[18]。HO-1实质是细胞内一种可诱导型抗氧化酶,其主要作用是催化游离血红素降解成胆红素和CO等产物。现已明确,胆红素是一种细胞内源性强抗氧化剂,对多种自由基均能有效清除以抑制氧化应激损伤;CO则是重要的细胞内气体信号分子,主要通过抑制Toll样受体4(TLR4)/NF-κB信号通路产生抗炎及抗氧化等作用[19]。HO-1/胆红素/CO共同组成了组织细胞应对炎症和氧化应激损伤所不可或缺的内源性保护系统,先天缺乏HO-1基因或后天阻滞HO-1表达与活性均可促发严重的AS病变,而合理上调HO-1表达则已成为包括AS在内的许多疾病的有效防治靶点[18]。
有研究表明,他汀类药诱导HO-1表达具有明显的剂量依赖性[20]。正如本研究中他汀组所用常规剂量的阿托伐他汀,尽管能诱导HO-1表达,但毕竟上调的幅度有限,其抗炎、抗氧化作用较弱,短期内难以快速显现出稳定AS易损斑块的效果。此外,多数国人因横纹肌溶解、肝毒性等副作用对大剂量他汀类药耐受性较差也是一个不可忽视的限制性因素[6,21],如何弥补这一缺陷值得探讨。基于CO是HO-1发挥抗炎、抗氧化以及抗细胞凋亡等作用的主要效应分子,理论上诱导HO-1的表达缺乏可以通过补充外源性CO来替代并取得相似的生物学效应。为此,本研究特别设计了他汀+CORM-3组,其中CORM-3为低毒的新型水溶性CO供体分子,在体内可不经代谢而持续24 h以上释放CO作用于靶点组织发挥抗炎作用,且CORM-3本身也能诱导HO-1表达[10-11]。本研究结果显示,他汀+CORM-3组调脂效果虽与他汀组相当,但诱导的HO-1相对表达量明显高于他汀组,由此提示加用CORM-3能通过释放CO和增加HO-1诱导表达双重机制发挥更强的抗炎、抗氧化应激损伤作用。该作用再与阿托伐他汀的调脂作用相叠加从而协同增强了稳定AS易损斑块的最终效果,具体表现在右颈总动脉AS易损斑块病变程度减轻、脂核缩小、斑块内炎症细胞浸润减少、斑块表面内皮覆盖较完整等。
目前离体和在体实验均表明,CO有助于抑制炎症和氧化应激损伤。但由于第一代CO供体物质(CORM-1)及第二代CO供体物质(CORM-2)均需在理化因素刺激下才能有效释放CO,其难以操控的安全阈值限制了二者在生物系统中的应用。相比之下,新开发的CORM-3不受理化因素的影响,溶于水溶液中可稳定而持续低浓度释放CO,其安全性大大提升,因此具有很好的应用前景[12]。
综上所述,常规剂量的阿托伐他汀联合CORM-3治疗AS时有望能协同增强抗炎、抗氧化应激损伤、稳定AS易损斑块,从而有效降低心血管不良事件,但这一推论尚需获得临床试验证实。
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(收稿日期:2018-09-10 修回日期:2018-12-06)
(编辑:邹丽娟)
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2019.03.12
摘 要 目的:研究阿托伐他汀与一氧化碳供体分子3(CORM-3)联用对动脉粥样硬化(AS)易损斑块模型大鼠炎症及氧化应激指标的影响。方法:取大鼠随机分为对照组(灌胃生理盐水)、模型组(灌胃生理盐水)、他汀组[灌胃阿托伐他汀2 mg/kg]、他汀+CORM-3组[灌胃阿托伐他汀2 mg/kg+腹腔注射CORM-3 10 mg/kg],每组8只。对照组大鼠予以基础饲料喂养,右颈总动脉只经历手术暴露但不予损伤并用生理盐水代替药物干预;其余3组大鼠均予以高脂饲料喂养+右颈总动脉损伤+异种蛋白注射刺激免疫炎症反应等方法复制AS易损斑块模型,继续饲养10周后,给予相应药物进行干预,每天1次,连续2周。末次给药24 h后取腹腔动脉血,使用全自动生化分析仪测定血浆中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)浓度,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血浆中超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)、单核细胞超化蛋白1(MCP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)水平,化学比色法测定血浆中丙二醛(MDA)、氧化修饰型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)水平,Western blot法测定血红素氧合酶1(HO-1)蛋白表达水平,并取右颈总动脉在光镜下观察病理学变化。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠LDL-C、hs-CRP、MCP-1、MMP-9、MDA、ox-LDL水平和HO-1蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P<0.05),HDL-C、IL-10水平均明显降低(P<0.05),右颈总动脉形成明显的易损斑块。与模型组比较,他汀组和他汀+CORM-3组大鼠LDL-C、hs-CRP、MCP-1、MMP-9、MDA、ox-LDL水平均明显降低(P<0.05),HDL-C、IL-10水平和HO-1蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P<0.05),其中除LDL-C、HDL-C外其余指标他汀+CORM-3组改善效果较他汀组更明显(P<0.05),他汀组颈动脉斑块改变尚不明显,但他汀+CORM-3组AS病变较模型组和他汀组显著减轻,斑块结构也更趋稳定。结论:阿托伐他汀与CORM-3联用对AS易损斑块模型大鼠炎症及氧化应激指标的改善作用强于单用阿托伐他汀,能促进AS易损斑块稳定。
关键词 阿托伐他汀;一氧化碳供体分子3;动脉粥样硬化;易损斑块;炎症;氧化应激;大鼠
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of atorvastatin combined with carbon monoxide releasing molecule 3 (CORM-3) on inflammation and oxidative stress indexes in atherosclerotic (AS) vulnerable plaque model rats. METHODS: The rats were randomly divided into control group (normal saline, i.g.), model group (normal saline, i.g.), statin group (atorvastatin 2 mg/kg, i.g.), and statin+CORM-3 group (atorvastatin 2 mg/kg, i.g.+CORM-3 10 mg/kg, i.p.), with 8 rats in each group. Control group was fed with basal diet, and the right common carotid artery was exposed to surgery without injury and was treated with normal saline instead of drug; other three groups were fed with high-fat diet+right common carotid artery injury+heteroprotein injection to induce AS vulnerable plaque model, for 10 weeks; and then they were given relevant medicine for intervention, once a day, for consecutive 2 weeks. 24 h after last medication, abdominal artery blood was collected; the concentration of LDL-C and HDL-C were determined by fully automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of hs-CRP, IL-10, MCP-1 and MMP-9 in plasma were detected by ELISA; plasma levels of MDA and oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were determined by chemical colorimetry; the protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was determined by Western blot. The pathological changes of right common carotid artery were observed under light microscope. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the levels of LDL-C, hs-CRP, MCP-1, MMP-9, MDA and ox-LDL, and protein expression of HO-1 were increased significantly (P<0.05), while the levels of HDL-C and IL-10 were decreased significantly in model group (P<0.05); the right common carotid artery formed obvious AS plaques. Compared with model group, the levels of LDL-C, hs-CRP, MCP-1, MMP-9, MDA and ox-LDL were decreased significantly in statin group and statin+CORM-3 group in model group (P<0.05), while the levels of HDL-C, IL-10 and the protein expression of HO-1 were increased significantly (P<0.05). Except for LDL-C and HDL-C, the improvement of other indexes in statin+CORM-3 group was more significant than statin group (P<0.05); pathological changes of right common carotid artery in statin group were not obvious, but the pathological changes of rats in statin+CORM-3 group were significantly alleviated and plaque structure also tended to be more stable. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin combined with CORM-3 is better than atorvastatin alone in improving inflammation and oxidative stress indexes of AS vulnerable plaque model rats, and can promote the stability of AS vulnerable plaques. 他汀類药主要通过调脂作用抑制AS[17],其稳定或逆转AS易损斑块的过程缓慢,短期干预常难有显著改善。然而又有研究发现,他汀类药能通过p38腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)、核转录因子 κB(NF-κB)、Nrf-2/ARE等细胞信号转导途径诱导HO-1蛋白表达,后者可能是他汀类药抗炎、抗氧化应激等“调脂外作用”的主要介导者,可先于调脂作用显现出对AS易损斑块的稳定效果[18]。HO-1实质是细胞内一种可诱导型抗氧化酶,其主要作用是催化游离血红素降解成胆红素和CO等产物。现已明确,胆红素是一种细胞内源性强抗氧化剂,对多种自由基均能有效清除以抑制氧化应激损伤;CO则是重要的细胞内气体信号分子,主要通过抑制Toll样受体4(TLR4)/NF-κB信号通路产生抗炎及抗氧化等作用[19]。HO-1/胆红素/CO共同组成了组织细胞应对炎症和氧化应激损伤所不可或缺的内源性保护系统,先天缺乏HO-1基因或后天阻滞HO-1表达与活性均可促发严重的AS病变,而合理上调HO-1表达则已成为包括AS在内的许多疾病的有效防治靶点[18]。
有研究表明,他汀类药诱导HO-1表达具有明显的剂量依赖性[20]。正如本研究中他汀组所用常规剂量的阿托伐他汀,尽管能诱导HO-1表达,但毕竟上调的幅度有限,其抗炎、抗氧化作用较弱,短期内难以快速显现出稳定AS易损斑块的效果。此外,多数国人因横纹肌溶解、肝毒性等副作用对大剂量他汀类药耐受性较差也是一个不可忽视的限制性因素[6,21],如何弥补这一缺陷值得探讨。基于CO是HO-1发挥抗炎、抗氧化以及抗细胞凋亡等作用的主要效应分子,理论上诱导HO-1的表达缺乏可以通过补充外源性CO来替代并取得相似的生物学效应。为此,本研究特别设计了他汀+CORM-3组,其中CORM-3为低毒的新型水溶性CO供体分子,在体内可不经代谢而持续24 h以上释放CO作用于靶点组织发挥抗炎作用,且CORM-3本身也能诱导HO-1表达[10-11]。本研究结果显示,他汀+CORM-3组调脂效果虽与他汀组相当,但诱导的HO-1相对表达量明显高于他汀组,由此提示加用CORM-3能通过释放CO和增加HO-1诱导表达双重机制发挥更强的抗炎、抗氧化应激损伤作用。该作用再与阿托伐他汀的调脂作用相叠加从而协同增强了稳定AS易损斑块的最终效果,具体表现在右颈总动脉AS易损斑块病变程度减轻、脂核缩小、斑块内炎症细胞浸润减少、斑块表面内皮覆盖较完整等。
目前离体和在体实验均表明,CO有助于抑制炎症和氧化应激损伤。但由于第一代CO供体物质(CORM-1)及第二代CO供体物质(CORM-2)均需在理化因素刺激下才能有效释放CO,其难以操控的安全阈值限制了二者在生物系统中的应用。相比之下,新开发的CORM-3不受理化因素的影响,溶于水溶液中可稳定而持续低浓度释放CO,其安全性大大提升,因此具有很好的应用前景[12]。
综上所述,常规剂量的阿托伐他汀联合CORM-3治疗AS时有望能协同增强抗炎、抗氧化应激损伤、稳定AS易损斑块,从而有效降低心血管不良事件,但这一推论尚需获得临床试验证实。
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(收稿日期:2018-09-10 修回日期:2018-12-06)
(编辑:邹丽娟)