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有关“情态动词+have+p.p.(past participle过去分词)”的考题屡次出现在近年的高考试题当中。但是不管每年的题怎么变，有两点没变：1.测试点没变，肯定是以下七个方面的某一个类型；2.命题规律未变，每道题都有相应的语境暗示，有的语境暗示和往年的语境暗示惊人的相似。因此，考生在备考时应锁定这七个考点，重点突出，紧扣语境暗示，破解“情态动词+have+p.p.”类型题。
一、must+have+过去分词
考点解读：该结构用来表示说话者对已经发生过的事情或存在的状态进行的一种合乎情理的推断，或是有把握的推测，一般只用在肯定句中，可译作“准是已经……”“想必……了”“肯定已……了”等。例如：
——The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying animals for 13 years before she returned.（2005江苏卷31）
——Oh, dear!She ____ a lot of difficulties!
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
解析：锁定语境：“女生物学家在回国之前在非洲研究过13年的野生动物。喔，天啊！……”。语境暗示：作为一个女人，能在那个贫穷落后的地方研究13年，一定经历过不少的艰难困苦。所以正确的答案是D。
——Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today?
——Something ____ to him.（2005江西卷22）
A. must happen B. should have happened
C. could have happened D. must have happened
解析：锁定语境：“Tom上班从不迟到，怎么今天缺席了呢？” 语境提示：从不迟到的人都缺席了，一定是有什么事情发生。所以正确的答案是D。
思维误区：在否定结构中常用“can’t+have+过去分词”（表示“不可能……”）或“may not+have+过去分词”（表示可能不……）。千万不能用“mustn’t+have+过去分词”。如：
误：She mustn’t have gone to Shanghai, for I saw her on the playground just now.
正：She can’t have gone to shanghai, for I saw her on the playground just now.
她不可能到上海去了，因为我刚才还在操场上看到她了。
误：He must not have known that I’m back. Let me give him a call.
正：He may not know that I’m back. Let me give him a call.
他可能还不知道我已经回来了，让我给他打一个电话吧。
二、may/might+have+过去分词
考点解读：这个结构常用来表示说话者对过去可能已经发生的动作或存在的状态的推测或猜想，可译作“或许已经……”“可能已经……了”。相对来说，用might语气比较委婉，但可能性不如may大，但都不如must的肯定语气强。可用在肯定句中，也可用在否定句中。例如：
He ____ you more help, even though he was very busy.
（1990 NMET25）
A. might have given B. might give
C. may have given D. may give
解析：锁定语境：“就算他忙，他也有可能给你更多的帮助”语境暗示：even though he was very busy 暗示当时很忙，当时有可能，但这种可能性并非百分之百。选A。
Sorry, I’m late. I ____ have turned offthe alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.（2000北京春招20）
A. might B. should C. can D. will
解析：锁定语境：“对不起，我来晚了；我可能是关掉闹钟又睡着了”。语境暗示：语气委婉，暗表歉意。选A。
三、can’t/couldn’t+have+过去分词
考点解读：这一结构表示说话者对过去的动作或存在的状态进行否定的推测，可译作“不可能……”“一定没有……”。可看作是must+have+过去分词的否定形式。例如：
I ____ havebeen more than six years old when the accident happened.（2005天津卷14）
A. shouldn’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
解析：锁定语境：“当事故发生时，我不可能超过6岁”。语境暗示：显然是对过去的一个事故发生时的一个状态的猜测，其它的答案：本不应该有6岁；禁止有6岁；没有必要有6岁都不符合逻辑常理。选B。
——Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.
（2005湖北卷32）
——Well. He ____ have gone far—his coat’s still here.
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t D. wouldn’t
解析：锁定语境：“知道David在哪吗？我到处都找不到他”。语境暗示：his coat’s still here.他的外套在这，不可能走远。选C。
四、could+have+过去分词
考点解读：这一结构常用来表示过去本来有可能做到或能够做到，但是因为种种原因而实际上并没有做到，含有“劝告”“责备”的意思。可译作“本来能够……”“本来可以……”。倒如：
——I stayed at a hotel while in New York.（1998 NMET）
——Oh, did you? You ____ with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
解析：锁定语境：在New York 的时候，我住的是旅馆；是吗？你本能够和Barbara 住在一起的。语境暗示：住旅馆没有必要。选A。
思维误区：（1）表推测时，can不能用在肯定句中，常用在疑问句或否定句中。例如：
误：He can be late again. 他有可能又迟到。
正：He is likely to be late again. 他有可能又迟到。
正：He can’t be late again. 他不可能再次迟到。
正：Can he be late again? 他可能又会迟到吗？
（2）could和might都可用来提出婉转的批评，有时二者可以互换。如：
You could/might have been more careful. 你本来可以再细心些。
You might/could have made greater progress.
你的进步本来是可以更大一些的。
You might at least have answered my letter. 你至少可以给我回信嘛。
五、should+have+过去分词或ought to+have+过去分词
考点解读：这一结构常用来表示句子的主语过去应该做而实际上未做的事，常带有后悔、埋怨或责备的语气。可译作“本应该……”，两种结构经常可以通用，不过ought to 比should语气强。例如：
——I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.（2004福建卷32）
——You ____ her last week.
A. ought to tell B. would have told
C. must tell D. should have told
解析：锁定语境：“明天我就告诉Mary工作的事。你本应该在上周就告诉她了。” 语境暗示：暗含责备，怎么明天才告诉呀？选D。
Mr. White ____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.
（2004全国卷Ⅲ27）
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
解析：锁定语境：“怀特先生本应该8点半就到会，但是他没有出现。”语境暗示：暗含责备，究竟在搞什么名堂。选A。
六、shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have+过去分词
考点解读：这一否定结构表示过去本不该做而实际上却做了。可译作“本不应该……（但却）”。例如：
I was really anxious about you. You ____ home without a word.
（2001 NMET33）
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t D. needn’t leave
解析：锁定语境：“我真的很担心你。你本不应该一句话不说就走。”语境暗示：实际他走了。选B。
Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ____ so much fried chicken just now.（2002 上海春招28）
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
解析：锁定语境：“哦，我胃不舒服。我刚才本不应该吃那么多的炸鸡”。语境暗示：实际他吃了很多。选C。
七、needn’t+have+过去分词
考点解读：这一结构表示主语过去做了本来不需要做或不必做的事情，可译作“本来不必……”“本来不需要……”等等。例如：
——Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.（2005福建卷31）
——Thanks. You ____ it. I could manage it myself.
A. needn’t do B. needn’t have done
C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done
解析：锁定语境：“Catherine,我已经帮你打扫了房间。谢谢，你本来是没有必要打扫的。我自己能行”。语境暗示：但人家已经打扫了。选B。
巩固练习
1. I didn’t hear the phone. I ____ asleep.(1989 NMET21)
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have been
2. There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You ____ come, but why
didn’t you?(1999上海卷14)
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
3. ——There were already five people in the car but they managed to
take me as well.(1995 NMET15)
——It ____ a comfortable journey.
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
4. ——Tom graduated from college at a very young age.
(2004全国卷Ⅳ22)
——Oh, he ____ have been a very smart boy then.
A. could B. should C. might D. must
5. I have lost one of my gloves. I ____ it somewhere.(2005北京春招27)
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped
6. There was plenty of time. She ____.(1987NMET6)
A. mustn’t have hurried B. couldn’t have hurried
C. must not hurry D. needn’t have hurried
7. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he
____ your lecture.(2000上海卷23)
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have attend
C. mustn’t have attend D. shouldn’t have attend
8. This cake is very sweet. You ____ a lot of sugar in it.
(2005辽宁卷26)
A. should have put B. could have put
C. might have put D. must have put
9. He ____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying
himself by the seaside.(2005北京卷26)
A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t
10. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police
car. They ____ at least 150 kilometers an hour.(2005重庆卷33)
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
Keys:1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.B
一、must+have+过去分词
考点解读：该结构用来表示说话者对已经发生过的事情或存在的状态进行的一种合乎情理的推断，或是有把握的推测，一般只用在肯定句中，可译作“准是已经……”“想必……了”“肯定已……了”等。例如：
——The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying animals for 13 years before she returned.（2005江苏卷31）
——Oh, dear!She ____ a lot of difficulties!
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
解析：锁定语境：“女生物学家在回国之前在非洲研究过13年的野生动物。喔，天啊！……”。语境暗示：作为一个女人，能在那个贫穷落后的地方研究13年，一定经历过不少的艰难困苦。所以正确的答案是D。
——Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today?
——Something ____ to him.（2005江西卷22）
A. must happen B. should have happened
C. could have happened D. must have happened
解析：锁定语境：“Tom上班从不迟到，怎么今天缺席了呢？” 语境提示：从不迟到的人都缺席了，一定是有什么事情发生。所以正确的答案是D。
思维误区：在否定结构中常用“can’t+have+过去分词”（表示“不可能……”）或“may not+have+过去分词”（表示可能不……）。千万不能用“mustn’t+have+过去分词”。如：
误：She mustn’t have gone to Shanghai, for I saw her on the playground just now.
正：She can’t have gone to shanghai, for I saw her on the playground just now.
她不可能到上海去了，因为我刚才还在操场上看到她了。
误：He must not have known that I’m back. Let me give him a call.
正：He may not know that I’m back. Let me give him a call.
他可能还不知道我已经回来了，让我给他打一个电话吧。
二、may/might+have+过去分词
考点解读：这个结构常用来表示说话者对过去可能已经发生的动作或存在的状态的推测或猜想，可译作“或许已经……”“可能已经……了”。相对来说，用might语气比较委婉，但可能性不如may大，但都不如must的肯定语气强。可用在肯定句中，也可用在否定句中。例如：
He ____ you more help, even though he was very busy.
（1990 NMET25）
A. might have given B. might give
C. may have given D. may give
解析：锁定语境：“就算他忙，他也有可能给你更多的帮助”语境暗示：even though he was very busy 暗示当时很忙，当时有可能，但这种可能性并非百分之百。选A。
Sorry, I’m late. I ____ have turned offthe alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.（2000北京春招20）
A. might B. should C. can D. will
解析：锁定语境：“对不起，我来晚了；我可能是关掉闹钟又睡着了”。语境暗示：语气委婉，暗表歉意。选A。
三、can’t/couldn’t+have+过去分词
考点解读：这一结构表示说话者对过去的动作或存在的状态进行否定的推测，可译作“不可能……”“一定没有……”。可看作是must+have+过去分词的否定形式。例如：
I ____ havebeen more than six years old when the accident happened.（2005天津卷14）
A. shouldn’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
解析：锁定语境：“当事故发生时，我不可能超过6岁”。语境暗示：显然是对过去的一个事故发生时的一个状态的猜测，其它的答案：本不应该有6岁；禁止有6岁；没有必要有6岁都不符合逻辑常理。选B。
——Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.
（2005湖北卷32）
——Well. He ____ have gone far—his coat’s still here.
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t D. wouldn’t
解析：锁定语境：“知道David在哪吗？我到处都找不到他”。语境暗示：his coat’s still here.他的外套在这，不可能走远。选C。
四、could+have+过去分词
考点解读：这一结构常用来表示过去本来有可能做到或能够做到，但是因为种种原因而实际上并没有做到，含有“劝告”“责备”的意思。可译作“本来能够……”“本来可以……”。倒如：
——I stayed at a hotel while in New York.（1998 NMET）
——Oh, did you? You ____ with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
解析：锁定语境：在New York 的时候，我住的是旅馆；是吗？你本能够和Barbara 住在一起的。语境暗示：住旅馆没有必要。选A。
思维误区：（1）表推测时，can不能用在肯定句中，常用在疑问句或否定句中。例如：
误：He can be late again. 他有可能又迟到。
正：He is likely to be late again. 他有可能又迟到。
正：He can’t be late again. 他不可能再次迟到。
正：Can he be late again? 他可能又会迟到吗？
（2）could和might都可用来提出婉转的批评，有时二者可以互换。如：
You could/might have been more careful. 你本来可以再细心些。
You might/could have made greater progress.
你的进步本来是可以更大一些的。
You might at least have answered my letter. 你至少可以给我回信嘛。
五、should+have+过去分词或ought to+have+过去分词
考点解读：这一结构常用来表示句子的主语过去应该做而实际上未做的事，常带有后悔、埋怨或责备的语气。可译作“本应该……”，两种结构经常可以通用，不过ought to 比should语气强。例如：
——I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.（2004福建卷32）
——You ____ her last week.
A. ought to tell B. would have told
C. must tell D. should have told
解析：锁定语境：“明天我就告诉Mary工作的事。你本应该在上周就告诉她了。” 语境暗示：暗含责备，怎么明天才告诉呀？选D。
Mr. White ____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.
（2004全国卷Ⅲ27）
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
解析：锁定语境：“怀特先生本应该8点半就到会，但是他没有出现。”语境暗示：暗含责备，究竟在搞什么名堂。选A。
六、shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have+过去分词
考点解读：这一否定结构表示过去本不该做而实际上却做了。可译作“本不应该……（但却）”。例如：
I was really anxious about you. You ____ home without a word.
（2001 NMET33）
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t D. needn’t leave
解析：锁定语境：“我真的很担心你。你本不应该一句话不说就走。”语境暗示：实际他走了。选B。
Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ____ so much fried chicken just now.（2002 上海春招28）
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
解析：锁定语境：“哦，我胃不舒服。我刚才本不应该吃那么多的炸鸡”。语境暗示：实际他吃了很多。选C。
七、needn’t+have+过去分词
考点解读：这一结构表示主语过去做了本来不需要做或不必做的事情，可译作“本来不必……”“本来不需要……”等等。例如：
——Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.（2005福建卷31）
——Thanks. You ____ it. I could manage it myself.
A. needn’t do B. needn’t have done
C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done
解析：锁定语境：“Catherine,我已经帮你打扫了房间。谢谢，你本来是没有必要打扫的。我自己能行”。语境暗示：但人家已经打扫了。选B。
巩固练习
1. I didn’t hear the phone. I ____ asleep.(1989 NMET21)
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have been
2. There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You ____ come, but why
didn’t you?(1999上海卷14)
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
3. ——There were already five people in the car but they managed to
take me as well.(1995 NMET15)
——It ____ a comfortable journey.
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
4. ——Tom graduated from college at a very young age.
(2004全国卷Ⅳ22)
——Oh, he ____ have been a very smart boy then.
A. could B. should C. might D. must
5. I have lost one of my gloves. I ____ it somewhere.(2005北京春招27)
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped
6. There was plenty of time. She ____.(1987NMET6)
A. mustn’t have hurried B. couldn’t have hurried
C. must not hurry D. needn’t have hurried
7. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he
____ your lecture.(2000上海卷23)
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have attend
C. mustn’t have attend D. shouldn’t have attend
8. This cake is very sweet. You ____ a lot of sugar in it.
(2005辽宁卷26)
A. should have put B. could have put
C. might have put D. must have put
9. He ____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying
himself by the seaside.(2005北京卷26)
A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t
10. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police
car. They ____ at least 150 kilometers an hour.(2005重庆卷33)
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
Keys:1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.B