18世纪后半期,发源于英国的产业革命,使西欧各国迅猛地发展了资本主义。西欧新兴的产业资本为了进一步开辟和占领东方市场,加强了对印度、中国等国的侵略。18世纪中叶沙俄向东方扩张的势头也愈猛烈,它不仅继续蚕食中国领土,并在中国进行经济掠夺,而且把扩张的矛头扩及到日本。 在世界整个格局中看东方,东方在社会发展上无疑是落伍了。在世界形势急剧变化的情况下,东方国家面临着双重任务:首先是遏制西方和沙俄的侵略,维护国家的独立和民族的尊严,其次是接受西方科学技术的挑战,发展自己的社会生产力。在这方面,当时日本做得比 In the second half of the eighteenth century, the industrial revolution originated in the United Kingdom, so that all countries in Western Europe developed capitalism rapidly. Emerging industrial capital in Western Europe has stepped up its aggression against countries such as India and China in order to further open up and occupy the eastern market. In the middle of the eighteenth century, Russia’s expansion toward the east was even more violent. It not only continued to encroach on China’s territory but also plundered its economy in China and expanded its expansion to Japan. Looking at the East in the entire pattern of the world, the East is undoubtedly outdated in its social development. Under the dramatic changes in the world, the East countries are faced with the dual task of curbing the aggression of the West and Tsarist Russia in the first place, safeguarding the independence of their country and their dignity, and secondly, accepting the challenge of Western science and technology and developing their own social productive forces. In this respect, Japan was better than that at the time