教育心理学告诉我们，学生心理素质决定着学生的学习活动和学习效果，而心理素质包 括智力因素和非智力因素。就大多数学生而言，智力差异并不悬殊，导致两极分化的一个重 要原因，就是非智力因素的发展存在较大差异，即学习动力、学习热情、学习信心、学习毅 力等存在着差异。 Educational psychology tells us that the psychological quality of students determines the learning activities and learning outcomes of students, while mental qualities include intellectual and non-intellectual factors. For most students, the differences in intelligence are not disparities. One of the important reasons leading to polarization is that there are big differences in the development of non-intelligence factors, namely, motivation for learning, enthusiasm for learning, confidence in learning, and perseverance in learning.