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疟疾是世界上分布和流行最广的寄生虫性疾病之一 ,世界上有 2 0亿人口生活在疫区。每年全球大约有 5亿人口患病 ,其中 5 0 %是由恶性疟原虫引起的 ,每年死于疟疾的人口约 10 0万～ 30 0万。尽管疟原虫的生物学研究仍不甚明晰 ,疟疾疫苗的研究在最近的 30年中仍取得了明显的成果。针对疟原虫的生活各周期的主要保护性抗原 ,科研人员已研制了一系列的疟疾侯选疫苗 ,如CSP疟疾疫苗、MSP1疟疾疫苗、pfs2 5疟疾疫苗和SPf6 6多期多抗原合成疟疾疫苗等。目前疟疾疫苗主要历经减毒疫苗、亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗三种形式。因为在疟原虫生活周期不同阶段存在着不同的侯选抗原 ,依此又可将疟疾侯选疫苗按其起作用时期分为红细胞前期疫苗、红细胞内期疫苗、配子期疫苗和多期多抗原疫苗。但到目前为止 ,仍未开发出十分理想的疟疾疫苗。由于疟原虫生活史复杂、抗原多且免疫原性弱 ,单独应用疟疾疫苗难以取得很好的预防效果 ,所以必须配合以佐剂来增强其免疫效果。然而不同的佐剂对不同疟疾侯选疫苗的免疫增强效果有着明显差异 ,因此佐剂的选择是疫苗成功与否的关键因素之一。另外 ,宿主的遗传性限制也影响着疫苗的保护效果。
Malaria is one of the most widespread and prevalent parasitic diseases in the world, with 20 billion people in the world living in affected areas. About 500 million people worldwide are affected each year, of which 50% are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and each year about 10 million to 30 million die from malaria. Although the biology of malaria parasites is still unclear, the malaria vaccine research has yielded significant results in the last 30 years. Researchers have developed a series of malaria candidate vaccines against malaria parasite life cycle, such as CSP malaria vaccine, MSP1 malaria vaccine, pfs2 5 malaria vaccine and SPf6 6 multi-stage multi-antigen synthetic malaria vaccine . At present, malaria vaccine mainly undergoes attenuated vaccine, subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine in three forms. Because there are different candidate antigens in different stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium, malaria candidate vaccine can be divided into pre-erythrocytic vaccine, intra-erythrocytic vaccine, gametocid vaccine and multi-stage multi-antigen vaccine . But so far no ideal malaria vaccine has been developed. Due to the complex life history of the parasite, the high antigen count and the weak immunogenicity, it is difficult to obtain a good preventive effect by using the malaria vaccine alone. Therefore, the adjuvant must be used to enhance its immune effect. However, different adjuvants have different effects on the immune enhancement effect of different malaria vaccine candidates. Therefore, the choice of adjuvant is one of the key factors for vaccine success. In addition, the genetic limitations of the host also affect the vaccine’s protective effect.