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【目的】针对过量施磷问题,定位研究日光温室蔬菜生产磷肥减施潜力,明确适宜施磷范围。【方法】以北方温室蔬菜主栽种类黄瓜和番茄为研究对象,采用冬春茬黄瓜-秋冬茬番茄种植模式,在基础土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)40.2 mg·kg~(-1)下,设计不施磷肥(P0)、减量施磷(P1)和农民常规施磷量(P2)3个磷肥用量水平。P0、P1、P2处理对应黄瓜单季施磷肥(P_2O_5)0、300、675 kg·hm~(-2),番茄单季施磷肥(P_2O_5)0、225、675 kg·hm~(-2)。3年6季定位研究蔬菜生产磷素盈亏、土壤有效磷供应与迁移,分析产量变化,推荐合理施磷范围。【结果】(1)农民常规施磷量年盈余磷480.0 kg P·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),每盈余磷100 kg P·hm~(-2)主根区0—20 cm土层Olsen-P增加2.7mg·kg~(-1),3年0—20 cm土层Olsen-P平均含量70.2 mg·kg~(-1),2010年番茄季0—20 cm土层磷素饱和度(DPSM3)为80%,磷素土壤深层迁移明显。(2)减量施磷较农民常规磷量下降61.1%,3年磷素盈余量下降71.0%—77.3%,0—20 cm土层Olsen-P含量下降18.6%—43.5%,3年均值为49.3 mg·kg~(-1),接近瓜果类蔬菜Olsen-P农学阈值,关键生育期磷素吸收量无显著变化,产量保持在中高水平不降低;经过3年种植,0—20 cm土层DPSM3下降21个百分点,20—60 cm土层Olsen-P平均含量下降9.3%—30.1%,减施磷肥有效缓解了土壤磷素深层迁移。(3)不施磷肥导致土壤磷素亏缺,蔬菜从土壤中每攫取磷100 kg P·hm~(-2),P0处理0—20 cm土层Olsen-P含量下降3.4 mg·kg~(-1),3年0—20 cm土层Olsen-P平均含量30.5 mg·kg~(-1),虽产量没有显著降低,但是2008年番茄高产下(140 t·hm~(-2))磷素吸收量较P1、P2处理下降19.8%—30.0%,产量呈降低趋势。(4)依据上述推荐:土壤有效磷含量≥40 mg·kg~(-1)的温室,冬春茬黄瓜产量水平170 t·hm~(-2)下施用P_2O_5不宜超过300 kg·hm~(-2),秋冬茬番茄产量水平100 t·hm~(-2)下施用P_2O_5不宜超过225 kg·hm~(-2)。【结论】华北平原温室蔬菜生产减施磷肥潜力较大。对于种植一段时间(≥3年)的温室,较农民常规减施磷60%,可以显著改善磷素盈余状况,缓解土壤有效磷积累,降低土壤磷素深层迁移量,保证黄瓜番茄持续中高产水平生产。
【Objective】 In order to solve the problem of excessive phosphorus application, the objective of this study was to locate and study the potentiality of reducing phosphorus fertilization in vegetable production in sunlight greenhouse and clarify the suitable phosphorus application range. 【Method】 The objective of this study was to study the main cucumber and tomato varieties in the greenhouse of northern China. By using winter and spring cucumber-tomato cropping patterns under autumn and winter stubble planting, with the soil available phosphorus (Olsen-P) 40.2 mg · kg -1, Three phosphate fertilizers were designed without applying phosphate fertilizer (P0), reducing phosphorus (P1) and conventional phosphorus application (P2). P0, P1 and P2 treatments were 0,300 and 675 kg · hm -2 for P_2O_5 and 0,225 and 675 kg · hm -2 for P_2O_5, . 3 years and 6 quarters Positioning PFP profit and loss in vegetable production, supply and migration of soil available P, analysis of yield changes, and recommended a reasonable range of phosphorus application. 【Result】 (1) The conventional phosphorus application rate of peasants was 480.0 kg P · hm -2 · a -1, and each surplus phosphorus was 100 kg P · hm -2. Olsen-P increased by 2.7 mg · kg -1 in the soil layer, the average content of Olsen-P in the 0-20 cm soil layer in the three years was 70.2 mg · kg -1, and the 0-20 cm soil layer in 2010 Phosphorus saturation (DPSM3) is 80%, and the deep migration of phosphorus soil is obvious. (2) The phosphorus content decreased by 61.1% compared with that of peasants, the P surplus decreased by 71.0% -77.3% in 3 years and that of Olsen-P decreased by 18.6% -43.5% in 0-20 cm soil layer, the average value of 3 years was 49.3 mg · kg -1, approaching the agronomic threshold of Olsen-P for melons and vegetables, the phosphorus uptake did not change significantly in the key growth stages and the yield did not decrease at medium and high levels. After 3 years planting, 0-20 cm soil Layer DPSM3 decreased by 21 percentage points, the average content of Olsen-P in 20-60 cm layer decreased by 9.3% -30.1%, and the application of phosphate fertilizer effectively alleviated the soil phosphorus migration. (3) Phosphorus deficiency caused phosphorus deficiency in soil, and phosphorus uptake of 100 kg P · hm -2 of soil from the soil, P0 decreased the Olsen-P content of soil from 0-20 cm by 3.4 mg · kg -1 - 1), the average content of Olsen-P in 0-20 cm soil layer in three years was 30.5 mg · kg -1, although the yield did not decrease significantly in the three years. However, in 2008, the yield of tomato was 140 t · hm -2 Compared with P1 and P2, the phosphorus uptake decreased by 19.8% -30.0% and the yield decreased. (4) According to the above recommendation, in the greenhouse with soil available P≥40 mg · kg -1, the application of P_2O_5 should not exceed 300 kg · hm ~ (-1) at the winter and spring cucumber yield of 170 t · hm -2 -2). The P_2O_5 should not exceed 225 kg · hm -2 under the condition of 100 t · hm -2 autumn and winter tomato yield. 【Conclusion】 The greenhouse vegetable production in North China Plain has great potential for reducing phosphate fertilizer. For the greenhouse planted for a period of time (≥3 years), 60% phosphorus reduction could be done to the peasants significantly, which could significantly improve the phosphorus surplus, alleviate the accumulation of soil available phosphorus, reduce the soil phosphorus migration and ensure the yield of cucumber produce.