中国自近代以来,受到了列强的多次侵略,而这些侵扰多数时候是从海上开始的,以林则徐为代表士大夫对于西方的海上力量的认识也多数时候处于一种由传统走向现代的过程。在某些方面现在看来甚至是很愚昧的。 Since the modern times, China has been repeatedly invaded by the powers and many of these invasions originated from the sea. To Lin Zexu, on behalf of the scholars, most of the time, the understanding of the Western maritime forces is in the process of moving from the traditional to the modern. In some ways it seems even foolish now.