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一、十九世纪物理学的成就和问题 1.经典物理学体系的基本完成 十九世纪是历史上“给予人类以文明和文化的世纪”,而在科学史上则是经典物理学作为一个理论体系而接近完成的世纪。说它“接近”完成,是由于还缺少一次最后的“翻修”,那就是本世纪初期相对论对经典物理学的那次再表述。 随着分析力学的发展,经典力学在十九世纪期间得到了很大的完善和更加广泛的应用。由于形式体系的渐臻完善,力学理论无形中成了每一种物理学理论的“样板”。我们知道,经典力学主要关心的是质点或质点系的运动,它基本上是“质点的力学”。
I. The Achievements and Problems of Physics in the 19th Century 1. The Basic Completion of the System of Classical Physics The 19th century is the century of “giving mankind civilization and culture” in history, while in the history of science it is the classical system of physics as a theoretical system Near the completion of the century. To say that it is “near” it is due to the lack of a final “revision” is the re-formulation of the classical theory of relativity in the early part of the century. With the development of analytical mechanics, classical mechanics in the nineteenth century has been greatly improved and more widely used. Due to the gradual improvement of the formal system, mechanics theory has virtually become a “model” for every kind of physics theory. We know that the main concern of classical mechanics is the movement of particles or particles, which is basically “the mechanics of particles.”