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“观察者”是词典释义元语言中具有直指意义的概念单位符号,表示谓词词义、语法义中包含的二级直指主体语义配价。“观察者”和一级直指主体说话人的共性在于能够以自身的时空位置为参照,确定客体、事件所处的时间段和空间段,差异在于“观察者”是情景的旁观者,而不是情景的直接参加者。论文基于Ю.Д.Апресян提出的“观察者”概念,以语义中包含“观察者”的词和语法范畴为例证,分类阐释“观察者”语义配价。
“Observer ” is a conceptual unit symbol with direct meaning in dictionary paraphrase metalanguage, which indicates the semantic valence of the secondary directing subject included in the semantic meaning and grammatical meaning of the predicate. The commonality between the “observer” and the one directed at the main subject speaker lies in the time and space segment in which the object and the event are located, with reference to their own position in space and time. The difference lies in that “observer” is the scene Bystanders, not the direct participants of the scene. Based on the concept of “observer ” put forward by Ю.Д.Апресян, the paper uses the words and grammatical categories that contain “observer ” as an example to classify the semantic valence of “observer ”.