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人类在古代就有对不同民族的认识,民族资料与民族知识的文献积累也很早就有了,但民族学作为一门科学,一般是以19世纪中叶西方民族学的形成为标志的。在以后的发展中民族学又形成了多种分支和流派,各派都有自己的重要代表人物。形成近世民族学科的开山人物是两位著名的德国学者:阿道夫·巴斯蒂安(1826-1905)和拉采尔(1844-1904)。他们既是科学家,又是某些领域的专家。他们依靠当时的地理学、生物学和心理学知识,或者亲身赴世界各地旅行,进行人类学考察;或者利用其他旅行者、传教士的游记及各种关于异民族事迹的记载进行分析研究,为民族学的确立,奠定了重要基础。巴斯蒂安近于哲学家,拉采尔则近于自然科学家,他们又都是历史学家,都是从地理环境出发研究人类的。
Human beings have their knowledge of different nationalities in ancient times. The accumulation of literary materials and national knowledge accumulated very early. However, as a science, ethnology is generally marked by the formation of western ethnology in the mid-19th century. In the future development of ethnology and formed a variety of branches and genres, all factions have their own important representatives. The two most famous German scholars who formed the modern ethnology were Adolf Bastian (1826-1905) and Lazer (1844-1904). They are both scientists and experts in certain fields. They rely on the current knowledge of geography, biology and psychology, or go to travel around the world for anthropological studies; or use other travelers, missionaries travels and a variety of records on different ethnic deeds for analysis and research, for The establishment of ethnology laid an important foundation. Bastian is close to the philosopher, Razel is close to natural scientists, they are both historians, are starting from the geographical environment of human study.