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1.Introduction
Since English is widely used in China, it draws the attention of many scholars and educators to do research on it. Because of its production and development and its distinct characteristics, China English becomes the focus of attention of many foreign language educators and many researches are done in this field. Any kind of language will inevitably be sinicized in the process of localization when it is used in China. After Chen Yousong mentioned Chinese-colored English on an academic journal in 1965, the problems of China English began to attract the attention of scholars. At that time, China English and Chinese English were not fully distinguished and clearly defined. China English is often considered as the habitual mistakes of English learners and needs corrected. After Hertz C. K. Ke officially proposed the concept of China English in 1980, some of the learners began to realize China English is far from the explanation of habitual mistakes, and then point out the inevitability of China English in the process of translation from Chinese into English. In the 1990s, more and more scholars recognized that China English is a part of the world English system that can not be ignored; more and more people devoted themselves into the exploration and the study of the problem; a large number of research reports on China English began to be published; all kinds of new technologies and new views were applied to the research of this field. Since then, the research of China English has developed by leaps and bounds. The latest results and research methods are applied to the study of China English which begins to be branch-intensive.
2.Chinese English
Chinese English, compared with Pidgin English, is nearer to normative English in both sentence and diction structures. It refers to an awkward use of English because learners and users of English follow Chinese grammatical rules and idioms mechanically as a result of the interference and influence of the mother tongue. In fact, some people consider it as a higher phase of inter-language with no or few grammatical errors. With the deepening of opening up and reform, there are more and more English learners in China. Most of them have to learn English rather than acquire English because English is neither native nor second language in China. Lacking enough access to the English language and culture, learners have to resort to their own Chinese pattern in both thinking mode and language. As a result, the increasing number of English learners leads to more problems with Chinese English. 3.China English
China English is performance variety centering on internationally general English. Zhang Peicheng has fully illustrated that, so we will not discuss it here in details. When it comes to the core of China English, Wang Rongpei mentioned that “Standard English” was its center in his “three points”. Both China English and any other English varieties are not new languages, but they have the same basis－“general English” which is widely acceptable internationally.
Secondly, China English is a kind of English interfered by Chinese. Both Hertz C. K. Ke and other scholars at the mention of China English all emphasized the Chinese characteristics of China English. (1)things with Chinese uniqueness, such as: food, clothing, cultural customs, relatives naming, place and dynasty etc, it is obvious that there would be lexical gaps in English for the peculiar characteristics in China, such as: er hu, man tou, Chong Yang Festival etc. (2)influenced by Chinese way of thinking, Some scholars have made a comparison between Chinese orders and English orders since 1990 and have found that Chinese thinking patterns would be presented in language communication due to cultural difference.
4.The relationship between Chinese English and China English
From the historical studies of them, we can find that there are some similarities between China English and Chinese English. Both of them are in objective existence. In the complex process of English language acquisition in Chinese context, they come out from the different points on the same continuum as an inter-language because of different stages of proficiency level, Both of them are born from the different language structures, thinking modes and cultures between Chinese and English, they are greatly influenced by the Chinese transfer, but can express things with Chinese characteristics at the same time. Some Chinese English with no grammatical errors has already elevated to be China English, for its frequent use in the communication with native speakers. Such as “no can do”, “long time no see”, etc. A lot of expressions still wander between China English and Chinese English. Based on the acceptability, Chinese English can be possibly transformed into China English.
The differences between China English and Chinese English lie in the communicative effect. The general premise for China English is to convey the Chinese culture with the idiomatic usage of the English people, so China English is the deliberate borrowing to describe Chinese culture for the world when we cannot find equivalents in English under the Chinese situations, and the vocabulary in China English is to convey the unique things in China. The positive transfer of Chinese language and culture in China English is required to be applied in maximum and the negative in minimum. Therefore, China English can be used as a tool in international communication. In contrast, Chinese English is a morbid language, mainly caused by language learners’ mother tongue interference and the interruption of Chinese grammar and thinking modes in the learning process. Li Wenzhong (1993:18) considers it as abnormal or deformed English that is produced by Chinese English learners or users when they are influenced by Chinese language rules. As Chinese English is misleading, it cannot be regarded as an effective communication tool in international affairs. In a word, Chinese English and China English are both related and distinguishable. On one hand, both of them are to put across the unique things in China and thus have Chinese features. Their similarities provide the premise for their transformation. On the other hand, Chinese English is improper use of English due to poor knowledge to the English language and culture. Their differences illustrate that the transformation needs certain conditions. In future, some Chinese English will probably be transformed into China English with the deepening of cultural communication between China and other countries.
5.Conclusion
To sum up, the distinction between China English and Chinese English is not so clear; they are part of a continuum. It is obvious that part of Chinese English will be transformed into China English and be accepted by English speakers, although this kind of transformation is limited. There must be 25,000 times quotation of a new English word before it is accepted in the English world, or it must be quoted by books, newspapers, journals, network, blogs, community media, and more than 75,000 global and electronic media. Study of Chinese English and China English shall be based on dynamic look at both of them, and the key of the study is to understand the limited transformation from Chinese English to China English.
Reference books:
[1]汪榕培 中國英语是客观存在［J］解放军外语学院学报，1991，（1）.
[2]李文中 中国英语与中国式英语［J］外语教学与研究，1993，（4）.
[3]姜亚军 Chinglish and China English［J］English Today,vol.11 No.1 Jan.1995, (1).
[4]张培成 使用目的与国别变体：也谈中国英语［J］现代外语，1995，（3）.
[5]姜亚军 近三十年World Englishes 研究述评［J］外语教学与研究， 1995，（3）.
[6]姜彩霞 中国英语与中国式英语辨析 ［J］外语论坛, 2010.
Since English is widely used in China, it draws the attention of many scholars and educators to do research on it. Because of its production and development and its distinct characteristics, China English becomes the focus of attention of many foreign language educators and many researches are done in this field. Any kind of language will inevitably be sinicized in the process of localization when it is used in China. After Chen Yousong mentioned Chinese-colored English on an academic journal in 1965, the problems of China English began to attract the attention of scholars. At that time, China English and Chinese English were not fully distinguished and clearly defined. China English is often considered as the habitual mistakes of English learners and needs corrected. After Hertz C. K. Ke officially proposed the concept of China English in 1980, some of the learners began to realize China English is far from the explanation of habitual mistakes, and then point out the inevitability of China English in the process of translation from Chinese into English. In the 1990s, more and more scholars recognized that China English is a part of the world English system that can not be ignored; more and more people devoted themselves into the exploration and the study of the problem; a large number of research reports on China English began to be published; all kinds of new technologies and new views were applied to the research of this field. Since then, the research of China English has developed by leaps and bounds. The latest results and research methods are applied to the study of China English which begins to be branch-intensive.
2.Chinese English
Chinese English, compared with Pidgin English, is nearer to normative English in both sentence and diction structures. It refers to an awkward use of English because learners and users of English follow Chinese grammatical rules and idioms mechanically as a result of the interference and influence of the mother tongue. In fact, some people consider it as a higher phase of inter-language with no or few grammatical errors. With the deepening of opening up and reform, there are more and more English learners in China. Most of them have to learn English rather than acquire English because English is neither native nor second language in China. Lacking enough access to the English language and culture, learners have to resort to their own Chinese pattern in both thinking mode and language. As a result, the increasing number of English learners leads to more problems with Chinese English. 3.China English
China English is performance variety centering on internationally general English. Zhang Peicheng has fully illustrated that, so we will not discuss it here in details. When it comes to the core of China English, Wang Rongpei mentioned that “Standard English” was its center in his “three points”. Both China English and any other English varieties are not new languages, but they have the same basis－“general English” which is widely acceptable internationally.
Secondly, China English is a kind of English interfered by Chinese. Both Hertz C. K. Ke and other scholars at the mention of China English all emphasized the Chinese characteristics of China English. (1)things with Chinese uniqueness, such as: food, clothing, cultural customs, relatives naming, place and dynasty etc, it is obvious that there would be lexical gaps in English for the peculiar characteristics in China, such as: er hu, man tou, Chong Yang Festival etc. (2)influenced by Chinese way of thinking, Some scholars have made a comparison between Chinese orders and English orders since 1990 and have found that Chinese thinking patterns would be presented in language communication due to cultural difference.
4.The relationship between Chinese English and China English
From the historical studies of them, we can find that there are some similarities between China English and Chinese English. Both of them are in objective existence. In the complex process of English language acquisition in Chinese context, they come out from the different points on the same continuum as an inter-language because of different stages of proficiency level, Both of them are born from the different language structures, thinking modes and cultures between Chinese and English, they are greatly influenced by the Chinese transfer, but can express things with Chinese characteristics at the same time. Some Chinese English with no grammatical errors has already elevated to be China English, for its frequent use in the communication with native speakers. Such as “no can do”, “long time no see”, etc. A lot of expressions still wander between China English and Chinese English. Based on the acceptability, Chinese English can be possibly transformed into China English.
The differences between China English and Chinese English lie in the communicative effect. The general premise for China English is to convey the Chinese culture with the idiomatic usage of the English people, so China English is the deliberate borrowing to describe Chinese culture for the world when we cannot find equivalents in English under the Chinese situations, and the vocabulary in China English is to convey the unique things in China. The positive transfer of Chinese language and culture in China English is required to be applied in maximum and the negative in minimum. Therefore, China English can be used as a tool in international communication. In contrast, Chinese English is a morbid language, mainly caused by language learners’ mother tongue interference and the interruption of Chinese grammar and thinking modes in the learning process. Li Wenzhong (1993:18) considers it as abnormal or deformed English that is produced by Chinese English learners or users when they are influenced by Chinese language rules. As Chinese English is misleading, it cannot be regarded as an effective communication tool in international affairs. In a word, Chinese English and China English are both related and distinguishable. On one hand, both of them are to put across the unique things in China and thus have Chinese features. Their similarities provide the premise for their transformation. On the other hand, Chinese English is improper use of English due to poor knowledge to the English language and culture. Their differences illustrate that the transformation needs certain conditions. In future, some Chinese English will probably be transformed into China English with the deepening of cultural communication between China and other countries.
5.Conclusion
To sum up, the distinction between China English and Chinese English is not so clear; they are part of a continuum. It is obvious that part of Chinese English will be transformed into China English and be accepted by English speakers, although this kind of transformation is limited. There must be 25,000 times quotation of a new English word before it is accepted in the English world, or it must be quoted by books, newspapers, journals, network, blogs, community media, and more than 75,000 global and electronic media. Study of Chinese English and China English shall be based on dynamic look at both of them, and the key of the study is to understand the limited transformation from Chinese English to China English.
Reference books:
[1]汪榕培 中國英语是客观存在［J］解放军外语学院学报，1991，（1）.
[2]李文中 中国英语与中国式英语［J］外语教学与研究，1993，（4）.
[3]姜亚军 Chinglish and China English［J］English Today,vol.11 No.1 Jan.1995, (1).
[4]张培成 使用目的与国别变体：也谈中国英语［J］现代外语，1995，（3）.
[5]姜亚军 近三十年World Englishes 研究述评［J］外语教学与研究， 1995，（3）.
[6]姜彩霞 中国英语与中国式英语辨析 ［J］外语论坛, 2010.