威廉姆斯在《平等的观念》一文中从伦理学和政治哲学两个角度分别批评了康德伦理学与自由主义政治哲学,强调了道德主体的认知维度,并以此确立了建立在理解善事物的本质的基础之上的分配方式。诺齐克与古特曼对威廉姆斯的批评落实在政治哲学的层面,并没有触及根本的伦理学理论。相对而言沃尔泽的批评则更具建设性,弥补了威廉姆斯方法论上的缺憾。 In his article “The Concept of Equality”, Williams criticized Kant’s ethics and liberal political philosophy respectively from two perspectives of ethics and political philosophy, emphasized the cognitive dimension of moral subject and established the concept of " The distribution of things based on the nature of the way. Nozick and Guttman’s critique of Williams at the level of political philosophy, did not touch the fundamental theory of ethics. Walzer’s criticism is relatively more constructive, to make up for the Williams methodological shortcomings.