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统购统销政策是我国历史上的一项重要制度安排,对我国的城乡差距产生了深远影响。文章借鉴Knight(1995)的两部门价格剪刀差模型,分析了统购统销政策对我国城乡收入差距的影响,并利用1953-1989年的省级面板数据进行实证检验。研究表明,无论是以粮食收购率和粮食的跨省调拨还是以粮食超购率来度量,统购统销政策都扩大了城乡收入差距;其中,计划经济时期的效应最大,而改革开放后的效应整体上呈现逐渐减弱的趋势,且改革开放初期的影响不显著。机制分析发现,统购统销政策通过提高城市居民消费,降低农村人口消费,从而扩大了城乡收入差距。因此,统购统销政策的本质是政府汲取农业剩余以补贴城市和工业部门发展,是我国计划经济时期城乡收入差距扩大的重要原因。
The state monopoly for purchase and marketing is an important institutional arrangement in the history of our country and has had a profound impact on the disparity between urban and rural areas in our country. The article draws on Knight’s (1995) two-part price scissors model to analyze the influence of the state monopoly on the income gap between urban and rural areas in China and uses the provincial panel data from 1953 to 1989 for empirical test. The research shows that both the purchase and marketing policies have expanded the income gap between urban and rural areas, both in terms of the grain purchasing rate and the inter-provincial allocation of grain or the super-grain purchase rate. Among them, the planned economy has the most effect and the overall effect after the reform and opening up Showing a gradual decline in the trend, and the impact of reform and opening up is not significant. Mechanism analysis found that the state monopoly for purchasing and marketing expanded the income gap between urban and rural areas by increasing the consumption of urban residents and reducing the rural population consumption. Therefore, the essence of the state monopoly policy is that the government absorbs agricultural surplus to subsidize the development of urban and industrial sectors, which is an important reason for the widening income gap between urban and rural areas in China during the planned economy.