目的掌握新疆15个监测点居民健康状况,确定严重影响居民健康的主要疾病,为政府部门制定卫生保健决策提供科学依据。方法分析新疆15个监测点2015年户籍居民死亡报告资料,以ICD-10进行死因分类;使用Excel和SPSS17.0软件进行数据整理和统计分析。结果 2015年新疆15个监测点总死亡率490.99/10万(标化率539.12/10万),男性579.31/10万(标化率639.97/10万),女性401.45/10万(标化率438.25/10万),男性死亡率明显高于女性(χ2=681.74,P<0.05)。慢性病死亡所占比例最高,达77.67%,女性(80.55%)高于男性(75.70%)(χ2=67.64,P<0.05),感染性、母婴及营养缺乏疾病死亡占11.91%,女性(12.65%)高于男性(11.41%)(χ2=42.13,P<0.05)伤害死亡占8.87%,男性(11.32%)高于女性(5.30%)(χ2=223.18,P<0.05);前5位死因分别为心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、呼吸系统疾病和伤害。缺血性心脏病、脑血管病、高血压及高心病、肺源性心脏病是循环系统疾病的主要死因;肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、结直肠和肛门癌是恶性肿瘤的主要死因;交通事故、溺水、意外中毒、意外跌落和自杀是意外伤害的主要死因。结论慢性非传染性疾病是危害新疆居民死亡的主要原因;心脑血管病致死仍占最高比例,消化道恶性肿瘤依然比较严重,机动车辆交通事故依然是危害青壮年健康的主要危险因素,今后应加大新疆慢性非传染性疾病及伤害的防治力度。 Objective To understand the health conditions of residents in 15 monitoring points in Xinjiang and to identify the major diseases that seriously affect the health of residents and provide scientific basis for government departments to formulate decisions on health care. Methods Data of deaths of 2015 registered permanent residents at 15 monitoring sites in Xinjiang were analyzed and the cause of death was classified by ICD-10. The data were sorted out and statistically analyzed by Excel and SPSS17.0 software. Results In 2015, the total mortality of 490 monitoring stations in Xinjiang was 490.99 / 100,000 (the standardization rate was 539.12 / 100,000), 579.31 / 100000 for men (standardization rate 639.97 / 100000) and 401.45 / 100000 for women (standardization rate 438.25 / 100,000), male mortality was significantly higher than female (χ2 = 681.74, P <0.05). Chronic disease accounted for the highest proportion (77.67%), female (80.55%) was higher than male (75.70%) (χ2 = 67.64, P <0.05) (11.41%) (χ2 = 42.13, P <0.05). Injuries accounted for 8.87%, while those in men (11.32%) were higher than those in females (5.30%) (χ2 = 223.18, P <0.05) Respectively, heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory diseases and injuries. Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, high blood pressure and high heart disease, pulmonary heart disease is the leading cause of death of circulatory system diseases; lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal and anal cancer is the main cause of death of malignant tumors; Traffic accidents, drowning, accidental poisoning, accidental falls and suicide are the leading causes of accidental injuries. Conclusions Chronic non-communicable diseases are the main cause of death in Xinjiang. The death rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases still accounts for the highest proportion, and the malignant tumors of gastrointestinal tract are still relatively serious. Traffic accidents of motor vehicles are still the main risk factors that endanger the health of young adults. Increase prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases and injuries in Xinjiang.