微生态学是一门研究微生物和宿主相互关系的生命科学分支。近年,由于微生态学的发展涌现出许多微生态制剂。它可调节微生态失调,保持微生态平衡,提高宿主健康水平。微生态制剂包括益生菌(活菌)、益生元(不为宿主消化的食物成分)及合生元(益生菌和益生元的混合物)三类。它适用于腹泻(包括儿童腹泻、抗生素相关性腹泻及旅行者腹泻等)、肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病、幽门螺旋杆菌感染、便秘、肝硬化、过敏及女性泌尿生殖道感染等疾病。微生态制剂相对比较安全;但免疫力低下及肠道黏膜屏障受损的患者应避免使用活菌制剂以免发生机会感染。使用这类制剂时一般应注意以下几方面:①用<40℃温开水送服;②活菌制剂避免与铋剂、鞣酸、活性炭、酊剂及某些抗生素同服;③低温避光贮存。 Micro-ecology is a life science branch that studies the interplay between microorganisms and hosts. In recent years, many probiotics have emerged due to the development of micro-ecology. It can regulate micro-ecological disorders, maintaining micro-ecological balance and improve host health. Probiotics include probiotics (live bacteria), prebiotics (food components not digested by the host), and synbiotics (a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics). It is suitable for diarrhea (including children’s diarrhea, antibiotic-related diarrhea and traveler’s diarrhea, etc.), irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, constipation, cirrhosis, allergies and female genitourinary tract infections and other diseases . Probiotics are relatively safe; however, patients with low immunity and impaired intestinal mucosal barrier should avoid the use of viable agents to avoid opportunistic infections. The general use of such preparations should pay attention to the following aspects: ① with 40 ℃ warm water delivery; ② viable preparations to avoid with the bismuth, tannic acid, activated carbon, tincture and some antibiotics with the same service; ③ low temperature dark storage.