学术自由已成为当今多数国家宪法所保障的一项基本权利,但各国关于学术自由的宪法规范在内容和形式上都存在不少差异。在学术自由的内容确认上,各国宪法规范宽窄不一,主要有四种类型:对学术自由的单一确认、对学术自由及其制度性保障的确认、对学术自由及其国家促进义务的确认、对学术自由及其制度性保障和国家促进义务的综合确认。在学术自由宪法规范的形式结构、要素结构和类别结构等方面,各国宪法亦体现出不同的特点。不管是什么内容和何种形式的学术自由宪法条款,都从最高法角度确定了学术自由的宪法权利属性,为学术自由的法律保障奠定了根基。 Academic freedom has become a basic right guaranteed by the constitutions of most countries today. However, there are quite a few differences in content and form between the constitutional norms of all countries concerning academic freedom. There are mainly four types of constitutional norms in different countries: the single recognition of academic freedom, the recognition of academic freedom and its institutional guarantee, the recognition of academic freedom and the promotion obligations of its state, Comprehensive Confirmation of Academic Freedom and Its Institutional Guarantee and Obligation to Promote the Country. In the formal structure, the elemental structure and the category structure of the academic freedom constitutional norms, the constitutions of different countries also show different characteristics. No matter what the content and what form of constitutional provisions of academic freedom, all from the perspective of the highest law to determine the academic freedom of the constitutional rights attributes, laid the foundation for the legal protection of academic freedom.