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【摘要】Since 1915， The Best American Short Stories anthology has striven to collect the best short stories written by some of the best-known writers in contemporary American literature. Conducted under the guidance of Gideon Toury’s Theory of Translation Norms and combined with the analysis of the translation of Mary Gaitskill’s The Other Place， this translation aims to explore how translation norms influence the translation at macro and micro levels.
【关键词】 short stories translation Toury translation norms
Ⅰ. Introduction
The Other Place tells the story of a man who connects his fantasy and reality together through the bonds of some especially significant events in his life， the memories of which allow him to better understand the fascination with violence that he and his son share.
II. Toury’s Theory of Translation Norms
There are three parts in Toury’s translation theory： descriptive translation studies， target-oriented research method， and translation norms. Toury thinks that in the actual process of translation， translators fall under the constraints of three kinds of norm： the initial norms， the preliminary norms and the operational norms which consists of matricial norms and textual-linguistic norms.
Ⅲ. Case Analysis
The operational norms that govern the translation will be analyzed from the macro level （adding footnotes） and the micro level （choice of words， choice of sentence structure and stylistic features）.
3.1. Adding Footnotes
Translators often use addition in translation to let the readers have a better understanding of the text. Too much footnotes might disturb the readers to understand the works smoothly， but appropriate footnotes would help if the translation could not convey the meaning clearly.
Example One：
The source text：
Douglas and I were sitting together in the living room last week， half watching the TV and checking e-mail， when an advertisement for a movie flashed across the screen： it was called “Captivity” and the ad showed a terrified blond girl in a cage， a tear running down her face. （Gaitskill： 2011， 61）
The footnotes：
（Captivity） 《囚禁》，美国恐怖惊悚电影，这部影片由罗兰·约菲导演，讲述了一个男人和一个女人被囚禁起来的故事，于2007年上映。
3.2. Choice of Words
The translator utilizes four-Chinese-character phrases when translating some words.
Example Two：
The source text：
I loved it， especially in late spring， when it was starting to be warm and there were night sounds—crickets， birds， the whirring of bats， the occasional whooshing car， some lonely person’s TV. （Gaitskill： 2011， 62） The translated text：
我很喜欢那样，尤其是在晚春，天气渐渐变得暖和的时候，晚上有各种动物发出的声音——蟋蟀嗡嗡作响，鸟儿婉转歌唱，蝙蝠飞来飞去，偶尔有汽车呼啸而过，还有某个孤独的人家里播放电视的声音。
3.3. Choice of Sentence Structure
Chinese is different from English in syntax， so the translators have to convert the source sentences to make the translation more smoothly for reading. And the translations of The Other Place mentioned in this paper both have changes in sentence structure.
Example Three：
The source text：
I loved the mysterious darkness of the trees， the way they moved against the sky if there was wind——big and heavy movements， but delicate， too， in all the subtle， reactive leaves. （Gaitskill： 2011， 62）
The translated text：
我爱树林的神秘幽暗，我爱起风时所有稀疏、活跃的树叶在空中有力而又优雅摇曳的姿态。
3.4. Stylistic Features
It is extremely important for the translator to represent the original text’s style which is the concrete representation of the writer’s characteristics， aesthetic value and artistic culture. The meaning of the text includes the meaning of the style， and before fully conveying the meaning of the text the translator need to analyze and grasp the style of the source text.
Example Four：
The source text：
The fly bobbing on the brown， gentle water. The long grasses so green that they cast a fine， bright green on the brown water. （Gaitskill： 2011， 73）
The translated text：
苍蝇在褐色的平静的水中摆动着。那片长长的草地布满了绿色，在褐色的水中投下了美丽且明亮的绿色倒影。
Ⅳ. Conclusion
To sum up， Toury’s theory of translation norms is helpful for the translator to explore further into the translations of The Other Place. More valuable findings might be achieved if the translator makes more efforts to probe into more aspects of the short stories. That theory helps the translators know the norms in the translation and guides them to produce good translated texts.
【参考文献】
[1]Gideon Toury.Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press， 1995.
[2]Gideon Toury.In Search of a Theory of Translation [M].Jerusalem： Academic Press， 1980.
[3]Tom Perrotta， Heidi Pitlor.The Best American Short Stories [M]. Mariner Books， 2012.
[4]王晓阳.图里翻译规范理论视角下的《傲慢与偏见》中译本比较研究[D].长江大学， 2012.
[5]赵宁.Gideon Toury翻译规范论介绍 [J]. 外语教学与研究， 2000，（3）.
【关键词】 short stories translation Toury translation norms
Ⅰ. Introduction
The Other Place tells the story of a man who connects his fantasy and reality together through the bonds of some especially significant events in his life， the memories of which allow him to better understand the fascination with violence that he and his son share.
II. Toury’s Theory of Translation Norms
There are three parts in Toury’s translation theory： descriptive translation studies， target-oriented research method， and translation norms. Toury thinks that in the actual process of translation， translators fall under the constraints of three kinds of norm： the initial norms， the preliminary norms and the operational norms which consists of matricial norms and textual-linguistic norms.
Ⅲ. Case Analysis
The operational norms that govern the translation will be analyzed from the macro level （adding footnotes） and the micro level （choice of words， choice of sentence structure and stylistic features）.
3.1. Adding Footnotes
Translators often use addition in translation to let the readers have a better understanding of the text. Too much footnotes might disturb the readers to understand the works smoothly， but appropriate footnotes would help if the translation could not convey the meaning clearly.
Example One：
The source text：
Douglas and I were sitting together in the living room last week， half watching the TV and checking e-mail， when an advertisement for a movie flashed across the screen： it was called “Captivity” and the ad showed a terrified blond girl in a cage， a tear running down her face. （Gaitskill： 2011， 61）
The footnotes：
（Captivity） 《囚禁》，美国恐怖惊悚电影，这部影片由罗兰·约菲导演，讲述了一个男人和一个女人被囚禁起来的故事，于2007年上映。
3.2. Choice of Words
The translator utilizes four-Chinese-character phrases when translating some words.
Example Two：
The source text：
I loved it， especially in late spring， when it was starting to be warm and there were night sounds—crickets， birds， the whirring of bats， the occasional whooshing car， some lonely person’s TV. （Gaitskill： 2011， 62） The translated text：
我很喜欢那样，尤其是在晚春，天气渐渐变得暖和的时候，晚上有各种动物发出的声音——蟋蟀嗡嗡作响，鸟儿婉转歌唱，蝙蝠飞来飞去，偶尔有汽车呼啸而过，还有某个孤独的人家里播放电视的声音。
3.3. Choice of Sentence Structure
Chinese is different from English in syntax， so the translators have to convert the source sentences to make the translation more smoothly for reading. And the translations of The Other Place mentioned in this paper both have changes in sentence structure.
Example Three：
The source text：
I loved the mysterious darkness of the trees， the way they moved against the sky if there was wind——big and heavy movements， but delicate， too， in all the subtle， reactive leaves. （Gaitskill： 2011， 62）
The translated text：
我爱树林的神秘幽暗，我爱起风时所有稀疏、活跃的树叶在空中有力而又优雅摇曳的姿态。
3.4. Stylistic Features
It is extremely important for the translator to represent the original text’s style which is the concrete representation of the writer’s characteristics， aesthetic value and artistic culture. The meaning of the text includes the meaning of the style， and before fully conveying the meaning of the text the translator need to analyze and grasp the style of the source text.
Example Four：
The source text：
The fly bobbing on the brown， gentle water. The long grasses so green that they cast a fine， bright green on the brown water. （Gaitskill： 2011， 73）
The translated text：
苍蝇在褐色的平静的水中摆动着。那片长长的草地布满了绿色，在褐色的水中投下了美丽且明亮的绿色倒影。
Ⅳ. Conclusion
To sum up， Toury’s theory of translation norms is helpful for the translator to explore further into the translations of The Other Place. More valuable findings might be achieved if the translator makes more efforts to probe into more aspects of the short stories. That theory helps the translators know the norms in the translation and guides them to produce good translated texts.
【参考文献】
[1]Gideon Toury.Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press， 1995.
[2]Gideon Toury.In Search of a Theory of Translation [M].Jerusalem： Academic Press， 1980.
[3]Tom Perrotta， Heidi Pitlor.The Best American Short Stories [M]. Mariner Books， 2012.
[4]王晓阳.图里翻译规范理论视角下的《傲慢与偏见》中译本比较研究[D].长江大学， 2012.
[5]赵宁.Gideon Toury翻译规范论介绍 [J]. 外语教学与研究， 2000，（3）.