明末清初,是中國社會發展變化的重要歷史時期,也是傅統學術發展演變的重要轉折階段。置身于王朝更替,天崩地解的社會大變動中,學者痛定思痛,以深刻的理論思考,犀利的现實批判,求實的學問精神,大膽地闡發個人的見解,創造性地提出自己的主張,整個學術思想界呈现出生動活 The late Ming and early Qing dynasties were an important historical period for the development of Chinese society and an important turning point in the evolution of the academic development of Fu Tung. Exposure to dynastic changes, the great changes in the world, scholars painful experience, with profound theoretical thinking, sharp realistic criticism, realistic spirit of learning, boldly elucidate personal opinions, creatively put forward their own ideas, the whole Academic circles are vivid