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【摘 要】目的:探讨超保守区域转录因子与系统性红斑狼疮的相关性。
【关键词】 红斑狼疮,系统性;单个核细胞;T-UCRs;生物标志物
doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4174.2014.04.006
Analyzing the Expression Level of the Ultra Conservative Region of the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
QIU Jin-jun,SUI Wei-guo,CAO Cui-hui,HE Hui-yan,ZHANG Yang,DAI Yong
【ABSTRACT】 Objective:Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease regulated by a variety of genes.T-UCR is an important part of the long non coding RNA transcribed from the 481 extreme conservative regions in the human genome,which will change the expression pattern in many kinds of cancers such as leukemia,liver cancer,colon cancer,neuroblastoma and so on.Method:T-UCR chip technology was used to analyze the expression level of the ultra conservative region of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 15 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 15 healthy people.Results:Compared the group with systemic lupus erythematosus with the healthy control group,the expression level of 18 T-UCRs(uc.285+,uc.234+,uc.
102+,uc.341+,uc.267+,uc.221-,uc.290- and uc.90+) up-regulated and the expression level of 29 T-UCRs down-regulated,among which the expression of uc.186- was the most significant in the corresponding ultra conserved region (p = 3.29,FC=-38.648 61)and HNRNPH1 was its related gene.Conclusion:GO analysis showed that uc.186- might be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus,and HNRNPH1 might be the potential key gene of lupus erythematosus system.
【Keywords】 lupus erythematosus,systemic;mononuclear cells;T-UCRs;biological marker
系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,
SLE)是一种与弥漫性结缔组织相关的典型的全身性自身免疫病[1],其特征在于发生免疫炎症。SLE的发病机制复杂[2],涉及家族遗传、免疫和环境因素等,可能会导致组织和器官的损害,其中最复杂的是肾功能损害[3]。在人、小鼠和大鼠基因中极度保守的长段非编码基因区域,命名为超保守区域(ul-traconserved regions,UCRs)。UCR为长约200~779 bp的序列,最初于2004年由Bejerano G发现[4-5]。UCR常位于肿瘤相关基因区域或脆性位点。UCR编码的一群特殊的非编码RNA(ncRNA),称为超保守区域转录子(transcribed ultraconserved regions,T-UCRs),在人肿瘤中其表达发生变化。T-UCR是长链非编码RNA(long-noncoding,RNA)重要组成部分,转录自人类基因组中481个极度保守区域(ultraconserved regions),在白血病、肝癌、结肠癌、神经母细胞瘤等多种癌症中会改变表达模式[6-9]。T-UCRs参与癌症生物学和肿瘤发生,并有可能作为疾病诊断、预后和预测的指标,以及一类新的治疗靶点。本文通过对SLE单个核细胞的T-UCRs表达水平的研究,发现其临床病理特征,以及新的诊断或预后生物标志物。
1 材料与方法
1.1 标 本 采用两组全血标本,采集时间为2011年1月至2011年9月,均来自解放军第181医院,分别为15名SLE患者(SLE组)和15名健康人群(健康对照组),其中SLE早期患者(未经过治疗,病程较短)5例,病程较长、预后较好者与病程较长、预后不好者各5例,健康对照组与SLE组年龄、种族、性别相匹配,见表1。
1.2 标本的测定 采用NanoDrop ND-1000测定标本RNA的含量与质量,用琼脂凝胶电泳评估标本RNA的完整性。 1.3 DNA芯片 采用Arraystar公司的人T-UCR芯片分析人体T-UCRs表达水平。在481个UCRs超保守区域的两端分别添加1 kb的片段,然后用40 bp的特异性探针标记,从而可以准确的检测T-UCR和发现新的T-UCR。接着,在芯片中加入特定的外显子或探针,精确地检测到153个潜在的T-UCRs,这些T-UCRs可以与数据库,如RefSeq、UCSC knowngenes和Ensembl进行比对。最后,基因特异性探针标记的UCRs检测到1 809个基因,由此可探索T-UCRs和它们近端蛋白质编码基因之间的关系。
1.4 RNA标记和芯片杂交
1.5 数据分析
2 结 果
3 讨 论
在人体组织中,很大一部分的UCRs都会发生转录(T-UCRs),并且它们的表达水平与组织特异性相关联。T-UCRs只有一条主链会发生转录,而且只有9%的T-UCRs会发生正反转录[13]。准确测定人类所有的481T-UCRs方法有芯片测定、Northern印迹法、反转录实时定量PCR[14]和线性恒温Ribo-SPIA? RNA扩增法[15]。因为标本量小而且结果的稳定性和准确性,所以这对于临床方面的转录表达调控研究具有特别意义。
本文主要研究了SLE组与正常对照组之间的潜在的T-UCRs和TUs重叠UCRs的RNA转录子,发现基因HNRNPH1(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1)在SLE组与正常对照组之间表达差异最显著。该基因编码异质核核糖核蛋白(hnRNPs),hnRNPs是RNA结合蛋白与异构核RNA相结合的产物,此蛋白在细胞核中与前mRNA相关联,并且影响着前mRNA加工和mRNA代谢和运输的其他方面。所有的hnRNPs都存在于细胞核中,一些hnRNPs会在细胞核与细胞质之间运动。此核蛋白的蛋白质具有不同的核酸结合特性。由HNRNPH1编码的蛋白质具有结合于RNA的三个重复的RRM结构域并且非常类似于家族成员HNRPF,并且该基因可能与遗传性淋巴水肿1型相关。
综上所述,本文系统地评估了SLE患者与正常对照组的外周血单个核细胞的T-UCRs的差异表达情况,并获得了相关联的关键基因。结果表明,T-UCRs与系统系红斑狼疮具有相关性,并且相关的关键基因可能作为SLE的潜在的生物标志物或是治疗靶点。然而,本文的研究数据只是初步阶段,需要更多的标本数以及更深入的研究。
致谢
作者在此深深感谢所有捐献血液的志愿者。这项工作受基金项目——深圳市坪山新区医疗卫生发展孵化资助资金(201203384)的资助。
4 参考文献
Nat Rev Rheumatol,2013,9(4):197.
[2] Baizabal-Carvallo JF,Alonso-Juarez M,Koslowski M.
Chorea in Systemic Lupus erythematosus[J].J Clin Rheumatol,2011,17(2):69-72.
[3] Ponticelli C,Glassock RJ,Moroni G.Induction and maintenance therapy in proliferative lupus nephritis[J].J Nephrol,2010,23(1):9-16.
[4] Bejerano G,Pheasant M,Makunin I,et al.Ultraconserved elements in the human genome[J].Science,2004,304(5675):1321-1325.
[5] Bejerano G,Haussler D,Blanchette M.Into the heart of darkness:large-scale clustering of human non-coding DNA[J]. Bioinformatics,2004,20(suppl 1):40-48.
[6] Sana J,Hankeová S,Svoboda M,et al.Expression levels of transcribed ultraconserved regions uc.73 and uc.388 are altered in colorectal cancer[J].Oncology,2012,82(2):114-118.
[7] Braconi C,Valeri N, Kogure T,et al.Expression and functional role of a transcribed noncoding RNA with an ultraconserved element in hepatocellular carcino-ma[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2011,108(2):786-791.
[8] Calin GA,Liu CG,Ferracin M,et al.Ultraconserved regions encoding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas[J].Cancer Cell,2007,12(3):215-229.
[9] Scaruffi P,Stigliani S,Moretti S,et al.Transcribed-ultra conserved region expression is associated with outcome in high-risk neuroblastoma[J].BMC Cancer,2009,9(1):441. [10] Otsu N.A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms[J].Automatica,1975,11(285-[J].296):23-27.
[11] Rinn JL,Kertesz M,Wang JK,et al.Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs[J].Cell,2007,129(7):1311-1323.
[12] Ni JZ,Grate L,Donohue JP,et al.Ultraconserved elements are associated with homeostatic control of splicing regulators by alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated decay[J].Genes development,2007,21(6):708-718.
[13] Calin GA,Liu C,Ferracin M,et al.Ultraconserved regions encoding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas[J].Cancer cell,2007,12(3):215-229.
[14] Rossi S,Sevignani C,Nnadi SC,et al.Cancer-associated genomic regions (CAGRs) and noncoding RNAs: bioinformatics and therapeutic implications[J].Mammalian Genome,2008,19(7-8):526-540.
[15] Scaruffi P,Stigliani S,Coco S,et al.Transcribed-ultraconserved region expression profiling from low-input total RNA[J].BMC Genomics,2010,11:149.
收稿日期:2014-02-10;修回日期:2014-03-26
【关键词】 红斑狼疮,系统性;单个核细胞;T-UCRs;生物标志物
doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4174.2014.04.006
Analyzing the Expression Level of the Ultra Conservative Region of the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
QIU Jin-jun,SUI Wei-guo,CAO Cui-hui,HE Hui-yan,ZHANG Yang,DAI Yong
【ABSTRACT】 Objective:Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease regulated by a variety of genes.T-UCR is an important part of the long non coding RNA transcribed from the 481 extreme conservative regions in the human genome,which will change the expression pattern in many kinds of cancers such as leukemia,liver cancer,colon cancer,neuroblastoma and so on.Method:T-UCR chip technology was used to analyze the expression level of the ultra conservative region of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 15 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 15 healthy people.Results:Compared the group with systemic lupus erythematosus with the healthy control group,the expression level of 18 T-UCRs(uc.285+,uc.234+,uc.
102+,uc.341+,uc.267+,uc.221-,uc.290- and uc.90+) up-regulated and the expression level of 29 T-UCRs down-regulated,among which the expression of uc.186- was the most significant in the corresponding ultra conserved region (p = 3.29,FC=-38.648 61)and HNRNPH1 was its related gene.Conclusion:GO analysis showed that uc.186- might be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus,and HNRNPH1 might be the potential key gene of lupus erythematosus system.
【Keywords】 lupus erythematosus,systemic;mononuclear cells;T-UCRs;biological marker
系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,
SLE)是一种与弥漫性结缔组织相关的典型的全身性自身免疫病[1],其特征在于发生免疫炎症。SLE的发病机制复杂[2],涉及家族遗传、免疫和环境因素等,可能会导致组织和器官的损害,其中最复杂的是肾功能损害[3]。在人、小鼠和大鼠基因中极度保守的长段非编码基因区域,命名为超保守区域(ul-traconserved regions,UCRs)。UCR为长约200~779 bp的序列,最初于2004年由Bejerano G发现[4-5]。UCR常位于肿瘤相关基因区域或脆性位点。UCR编码的一群特殊的非编码RNA(ncRNA),称为超保守区域转录子(transcribed ultraconserved regions,T-UCRs),在人肿瘤中其表达发生变化。T-UCR是长链非编码RNA(long-noncoding,RNA)重要组成部分,转录自人类基因组中481个极度保守区域(ultraconserved regions),在白血病、肝癌、结肠癌、神经母细胞瘤等多种癌症中会改变表达模式[6-9]。T-UCRs参与癌症生物学和肿瘤发生,并有可能作为疾病诊断、预后和预测的指标,以及一类新的治疗靶点。本文通过对SLE单个核细胞的T-UCRs表达水平的研究,发现其临床病理特征,以及新的诊断或预后生物标志物。
1 材料与方法
1.1 标 本 采用两组全血标本,采集时间为2011年1月至2011年9月,均来自解放军第181医院,分别为15名SLE患者(SLE组)和15名健康人群(健康对照组),其中SLE早期患者(未经过治疗,病程较短)5例,病程较长、预后较好者与病程较长、预后不好者各5例,健康对照组与SLE组年龄、种族、性别相匹配,见表1。
1.2 标本的测定 采用NanoDrop ND-1000测定标本RNA的含量与质量,用琼脂凝胶电泳评估标本RNA的完整性。 1.3 DNA芯片 采用Arraystar公司的人T-UCR芯片分析人体T-UCRs表达水平。在481个UCRs超保守区域的两端分别添加1 kb的片段,然后用40 bp的特异性探针标记,从而可以准确的检测T-UCR和发现新的T-UCR。接着,在芯片中加入特定的外显子或探针,精确地检测到153个潜在的T-UCRs,这些T-UCRs可以与数据库,如RefSeq、UCSC knowngenes和Ensembl进行比对。最后,基因特异性探针标记的UCRs检测到1 809个基因,由此可探索T-UCRs和它们近端蛋白质编码基因之间的关系。
1.4 RNA标记和芯片杂交
1.5 数据分析
2 结 果
3 讨 论
在人体组织中,很大一部分的UCRs都会发生转录(T-UCRs),并且它们的表达水平与组织特异性相关联。T-UCRs只有一条主链会发生转录,而且只有9%的T-UCRs会发生正反转录[13]。准确测定人类所有的481T-UCRs方法有芯片测定、Northern印迹法、反转录实时定量PCR[14]和线性恒温Ribo-SPIA? RNA扩增法[15]。因为标本量小而且结果的稳定性和准确性,所以这对于临床方面的转录表达调控研究具有特别意义。
本文主要研究了SLE组与正常对照组之间的潜在的T-UCRs和TUs重叠UCRs的RNA转录子,发现基因HNRNPH1(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1)在SLE组与正常对照组之间表达差异最显著。该基因编码异质核核糖核蛋白(hnRNPs),hnRNPs是RNA结合蛋白与异构核RNA相结合的产物,此蛋白在细胞核中与前mRNA相关联,并且影响着前mRNA加工和mRNA代谢和运输的其他方面。所有的hnRNPs都存在于细胞核中,一些hnRNPs会在细胞核与细胞质之间运动。此核蛋白的蛋白质具有不同的核酸结合特性。由HNRNPH1编码的蛋白质具有结合于RNA的三个重复的RRM结构域并且非常类似于家族成员HNRPF,并且该基因可能与遗传性淋巴水肿1型相关。
综上所述,本文系统地评估了SLE患者与正常对照组的外周血单个核细胞的T-UCRs的差异表达情况,并获得了相关联的关键基因。结果表明,T-UCRs与系统系红斑狼疮具有相关性,并且相关的关键基因可能作为SLE的潜在的生物标志物或是治疗靶点。然而,本文的研究数据只是初步阶段,需要更多的标本数以及更深入的研究。
致谢
作者在此深深感谢所有捐献血液的志愿者。这项工作受基金项目——深圳市坪山新区医疗卫生发展孵化资助资金(201203384)的资助。
4 参考文献
Nat Rev Rheumatol,2013,9(4):197.
[2] Baizabal-Carvallo JF,Alonso-Juarez M,Koslowski M.
Chorea in Systemic Lupus erythematosus[J].J Clin Rheumatol,2011,17(2):69-72.
[3] Ponticelli C,Glassock RJ,Moroni G.Induction and maintenance therapy in proliferative lupus nephritis[J].J Nephrol,2010,23(1):9-16.
[4] Bejerano G,Pheasant M,Makunin I,et al.Ultraconserved elements in the human genome[J].Science,2004,304(5675):1321-1325.
[5] Bejerano G,Haussler D,Blanchette M.Into the heart of darkness:large-scale clustering of human non-coding DNA[J]. Bioinformatics,2004,20(suppl 1):40-48.
[6] Sana J,Hankeová S,Svoboda M,et al.Expression levels of transcribed ultraconserved regions uc.73 and uc.388 are altered in colorectal cancer[J].Oncology,2012,82(2):114-118.
[7] Braconi C,Valeri N, Kogure T,et al.Expression and functional role of a transcribed noncoding RNA with an ultraconserved element in hepatocellular carcino-ma[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2011,108(2):786-791.
[8] Calin GA,Liu CG,Ferracin M,et al.Ultraconserved regions encoding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas[J].Cancer Cell,2007,12(3):215-229.
[9] Scaruffi P,Stigliani S,Moretti S,et al.Transcribed-ultra conserved region expression is associated with outcome in high-risk neuroblastoma[J].BMC Cancer,2009,9(1):441. [10] Otsu N.A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms[J].Automatica,1975,11(285-[J].296):23-27.
[11] Rinn JL,Kertesz M,Wang JK,et al.Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs[J].Cell,2007,129(7):1311-1323.
[12] Ni JZ,Grate L,Donohue JP,et al.Ultraconserved elements are associated with homeostatic control of splicing regulators by alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated decay[J].Genes development,2007,21(6):708-718.
[13] Calin GA,Liu C,Ferracin M,et al.Ultraconserved regions encoding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas[J].Cancer cell,2007,12(3):215-229.
[14] Rossi S,Sevignani C,Nnadi SC,et al.Cancer-associated genomic regions (CAGRs) and noncoding RNAs: bioinformatics and therapeutic implications[J].Mammalian Genome,2008,19(7-8):526-540.
[15] Scaruffi P,Stigliani S,Coco S,et al.Transcribed-ultraconserved region expression profiling from low-input total RNA[J].BMC Genomics,2010,11:149.
收稿日期:2014-02-10;修回日期:2014-03-26