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目前我国油田开发主要处于高含水后期,微生物驱提高石油采收率技术(MEOR)以低成本、环境友好等独特的优势引起了石油工业界的重视。实际上,经过半个多世纪的发展,MEOR已经成为提高采收率的重要前沿技术。高压是油藏的主要环境特征,在影响油藏微生物生存与活性等方面具有重要作用。本文从油藏及其微生物的主要特征、微生物对高压环境的适应机制以及高压下微生物降解烃的代谢特征等方面进行了综述。介绍了对油藏微生物资源、群落结构、微生物在油水相中分布的认识,微生物乳化原油机制,以及微生物在油藏厌氧环境中协同代谢、受温度和压力影响的特点,并列举了MEOR的矿场应用。在高压适应机制上,微生物主要通过改变和调整细胞膜结构、增加胞内脂质组分和表达胞内特殊酶等作用来实现对压力的适应;在高压下烃降解微生物代谢速率低于常压,而且耐压菌和嗜压菌具有不同的烃降解效率。
At present, the development of oilfields in China is mainly in the high water cut stage. The technology of MEOR, which is enhanced by microbial flooding, has attracted the attention of petroleum industry due to its unique advantages such as low cost and environment friendliness. In fact, after more than half a century of development, MEOR has become an important frontier for enhanced oil recovery. High pressure is the main environmental characteristic of reservoirs and plays an important role in influencing the survival and activity of micro-organisms in reservoirs. In this paper, the main characteristics of reservoirs and their microorganisms, the adaptation mechanism of microorganisms to high-pressure environment and the metabolic characteristics of hydrocarbons under high pressure are summarized. The characteristics of reservoir microbial resources, community structure, distribution of microorganisms in oil-water phase, microorganism emulsified crude oil mechanism, and the synergistic metabolism of microorganisms in the anaerobic environment of oil reservoir are affected by temperature and pressure. The MEOR Mine applications. In the mechanism of high-pressure adaptation, the microorganism can adapt to the pressure mainly by changing and adjusting the cell membrane structure, increasing the intracellular lipid components and expressing the intracellular special enzymes; the metabolic rate of the hydrocarbon degrading microorganism under high pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure, And pressure-resistant bacteria and pressure-resistant bacteria have different hydrocarbon degradation efficiency.