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二战后,由于意识形态与共产主义的尖锐对立,美国国会颁布了一系列反共法案,旨在清除公共系统中的共产主义者。政治的影响逐渐渗透到社会生活的各个领域,高等教育领域也未能幸免。1950年的拉铁摩尔案揭开了政治对学术自由进行迫害的先例,“麦卡锡主义”一词由此产生,并成为政治力量对学术自由加以侵害的代名词。20世纪50年代,麦卡锡主义对学术自由的迫害达到高潮,反映出学术自由在美国没有明确且具体的法律保障,难以真正制度化。因此,对学术自由的内涵进行法律上的界定,成为美国联邦法院及州法院在处理此类案件时必须作出的选择。
After World War II, due to the sharp opposition between ideology and communism, the U.S. Congress enacted a series of anti-communist bills aimed at removing the communists in the public system. The influence of politics gradually permeated all areas of social life, and the field of higher education was not spared. The Lattimore case of 1950 opened the door to political persecution of academic freedom, and “McCarthyism” came into being and became synonymous with the political power that infringed on academic freedom. In the 1950s, McCarthyism climaxed the persecution of academic freedom, which reflected that academic freedom in the United States did not have a clear and specific legal guarantee and could not be truly institutionalized. Therefore, defining the connotation of academic freedom legally is the choice that must be made by the U.S. federal courts and state courts in handling such cases.