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卟啉是一类重要的有机共轭分子,可以模拟许多酶的活性中心。一系列卟啉仿生酶已被合成,并用于模拟生物蛋白酶的催化活性,包括平面卟啉、栅栏卟啉、扩展环卟啉和三元环卟啉。在生物体内,许多金属蛋白酶经常自组装成纳米尺度的超分子结构来实现其基本的生物催化作用。卟啉可以通过共价或者非共价作用有序组装在纳米材料上,实现其模拟金属蛋白酶的功能。金属卟啉是良好的电子媒介体,对生命过程相关小分子的氧化还原具有较好的电催化活性。因此,金属卟啉纳米组装形成的纳米材料复合物可用于新型电化学生物传感器的构建。基于卟啉纳米材料复合物的光物理和光化学性质构建的新型光电化学生物传感平台已用于生物分子的检测。本文主要从卟啉仿生酶的合成、有序纳米组装和卟啉纳米复合物的生物传感进行评述,为构建新型电化学和光电化学传感器提供有用信息。
Porphyrins are a class of important organic conjugated molecules that mimic the activity centers of many enzymes. A series of porphyrin biomimetic enzymes have been synthesized and used to mimic the catalytic activity of biological proteases including planar porphyrins, fence porphyrins, extended ring porphyrins and ternary ring porphyrins. In the organism, many metalloproteases often self-assemble into nanoscale supramolecular structures to achieve their basic biocatalysis. Porphyrins can be assembled on nanomaterials covalently or non-covalently to achieve the function of mimicking metalloproteinases. Metalloporphyrins are good electron mediators and have good electrocatalytic activity for redox of small molecules associated with life processes. Therefore, the nano-composite formed by nano-assembly of metalloporphyrin can be used in the construction of new electrochemical biosensor. A new photoelectrochemical biosensing platform based on photophysical and photochemical properties of porphyrin nanomaterials has been used to detect biomolecules. In this paper, the synthesis of porphyrin biomimetic enzymes, ordered nanocomposite and biosensing of porphyrin nanocomposites are reviewed, providing useful information for the construction of new electrochemical and photoelectrochemical sensors.