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人类重大疾病因其复杂性给诊断和治疗带来巨大难题，而且一些疾病属于慢性疾病，长期治疗无疑会加重患者负担。非编码RNA是指不编码蛋白质，但是参与基因调控的 RNA 分子，其在基因转录、基因转录后以及翻译水平发挥重要的调控作用。近年来，研究发现，非编码 RNA 在相关重大疾病中有抑制或促进的作用，其异常表达与许多疾病相关。重大疾病相关非编码 RNA 机制的探究以及生物标志物的发现给复杂病理研究带来希望。该文就非编码RNA中的微RNA（ miRNA）和长链非编码RNA（ lncRNA）参与不同发病机制，以及疾病的非编码RNA生物标志物相关研究进行综述，并对其今后研究方向进行展望。“,”Major human diseases are huge problems to the diagnosis and treatment due to the complexity . And with long-term treatment,some chronic diseases will undoubtedly increase the burden to the patients. Non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs) are RNA molecules that do not encode proteins but are involved in gene regula-tion,playing an important role on gene transcription,posttranscription and and translation levels.In recent years,the research progress on ncRNA revealed that it has a major role to inhibit or promote human related disease,and abnormal expression of ncRNA is associated to many diseases .The study of the mechanisms of major diseases related ncRNA and the discovery of biomarkers have brought hope to the complex pathological study.Here is to make a review of different pathogeneses of microRNA(miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)of ncRNA and disease-related ncRNA biomarkers,and a prospect of the future research direction.