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迪尔凯姆(Emile Durkheim,1858—1917)曾宣称自己所建立的社会学方法是一种科学理性主义方法,这种方法主张将社会事实(各种社会事实总和起来便构成为社会)看作社会学所独有的研究对象。迪尔凯姆又将社会事实定义为对个人施以制约并为个人所感受的各种固定或不固定的行为方式,并概括出了社会事实的三个特点:(1)强制性,即促使个体接受和服从;(2)外在性,独立于个人意识和个人行为;(3)集体性,为集体中的全体成员所共有。正是在这种指导思想之下,迪尔凯姆在工业化、宗教、道德等领域的社会学研究方面做出了开创性
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) declared that the sociological method he had established was a scientific rationalist approach that saw the social facts (social facts together as social) as Sociology unique research object. Durkheim, in turn, defines social facts as fixed or unsustainable behavior that imposes restrictions on individuals and their personal feelings, and outlines three characteristics of social facts: (1) Mandatory Individual acceptance and obedience; (2) externalities, independent of individual awareness and personal behavior; (3) collective, shared by all members of the collective. It is under this guiding ideology that Durkheim has made groundbreaking achievements in sociology in the fields of industrialization, religion and morality