Background Pneocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is one of the most common and fatal infections in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients,which is difficult to diagnose by traditional morphologic methods.This study evaluated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays of Pneumocystis jirovecii mitochondrial large subunits ribosomal RNA in sputum and bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for diagnosing PCP.Methods Sputum and BALF specimens from two groups were collected:one group (PCP group) included 20 patients definitely diagnosed of PCP by Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stains of BALF;the other group (non-PCP group) included 40 patients.Each specimen was examined by GMS stains and PCR assays.Results GMS stains of BALF in PCP group were 100% positive (20/20),GMS stains of sputum in PCP group were 35% positive (7/20);GMS stains of BALF in non-PCP group were 100% negative (40/40),GMS stains of sputum in non-PCP group were 100% negative (40/40).PCR assays of BALF in PCP group were 100% positive (20/20),PCR assays of sputum in PCP group were 100% positive (20/20);PCR assays of BALF in non-PCP group were 100% negative (40/40),PCR assays of sputum in non-PCP group were 100% negative (40/40).Sensitivity and specificity of PCR assays of sputum and BALF were both 100%;positive and negative predictive values were also both 100%.Conclusion The diagnostic value of PCR assays of Pneumocystisjirovecii mitochondrial large subunits ribosomal RNA on sputum and BALF for pneumocystis pneumonia are both high and equivalent.