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人类对原子及其结构的认识是一个由浅入深,由现象到本质,由不全面到比较全面的不断深化、不断完善的过程。这种过程将继续下去,而不会停止。为了深入理解现代“原子结构”理论,展望它的未来,有必要对人类认识“原子及其结构”所走过的漫长而曲折的路程以及很多科学家艰苦奋斗的业绩作一简要回顾。人类对原子及其结构的认识大约可分为十七世纪前古代时期;十七、十八和十九世纪近代萌芽时期;十九世纪末、二十世纪初近代时期和二十世纪二十年代至今的现代时期。若以学说、理论为里程碑,与上述时期相应的有古代素朴的原子论、原子——分子论、卢瑟福的原子有核模型和旧量子论——玻尔学说及现代原子结构理论。
The human understanding of atoms and their structures is a process that goes from shallow to deep, from phenomena to essence, from incompleteness to more comprehensive deepening and constant improvement. This process will continue without stopping. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the modern “atomic structure” theory and to look into its future, it is necessary to make a brief review of the long and tortuous course of human understanding of the “atom and its structure” and the hard work of many scientists. The human understanding of the atom and its structure can be roughly divided into the ancient period before the seventeenth century; the early budding period of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; the modern period of the late nineteenth century, the early twentieth century, and the twentieth century twentieth. Modern times. If the doctrines and theories are milestones, there are ancient simple atomism, atom-molecule theory, Rutherford’s atomic nucleus model and old quantum theory-Bohr doctrine and modern atomic structure theory.