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Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by memory deficits,psychiatric symptoms,and autonomic instability.The lack of suitable biomarkers targeting anti-NMDAR encephalitis makes the immunotherapy and prognosis challenging.In this study,we found that the Th17 cells were significantly accumulated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients than that of control individuals.The concentration of the cytokines and chemokines including interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-17,IL-6,and CXCL-13 were significantly increased in the CSF of anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients.IL-6 and IL-17 were found to promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 lineage.The chemotaxis assay showed that CCL20 and CCL22 play essential roles in the migration of Th17 cells.Notably,the correlation between the expression of IL-17 and the outcome of anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients was analyzed.The data showed that high level of IL-17 was significantly correlated with the limited response to the treatment and relapse of anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients.Our results suggested the potential important involvement of IL-17 in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.