特殊主义与普遍主义,作为社会交换行为中的两种标准,在社会运行机制中一直被认为是对立的;然而,实际上,很多类型的普遍主义与特殊主义带有一定的相对性。日本社会现代化的经验,提供了二者共存共荣的例证;美国政府文官系统与内阁的不同原则的运用,也说明了这一点。在现代化过程中,中国社会将建立什么样的信任系统?在两者共存的同时似应需要比传统社会更多一些普遍主义。 Specialism and universalism, as two criteria in social exchange behavior, have always been considered antithetical in the social functioning mechanism; however, in reality, many types of universalism and specialism have a certain relativity. The experience of Japan’s social modernization provided an example of coexistence and coexistence between the two. The application of the different principles of the civil service system and the cabinet in the United States Government also illustrates this point. In the process of modernization, what kind of trust system should be established in Chinese society? When the two co-exist, they may need more universalism than the traditional one.