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◆Abstract：Lu Hsun pursued to call on his countrymen to save his country，so he chose to translate foreign works by hard translation.Furthermore，he renovated Chinese language in this way.
◆Key Words：Lu Hsun;Hard Translation;Translation
Ⅰ Lu Hsun’s Standards of Choosing Translation Material
（1）To Provide Materials for Children
Owing to the poor field of fairy tales in China，Lu delicated to translating foreignworks for children.Lu Hsun prefer the materials which have positive attitude，or concern social criticism.Among these works，the narrowed cage was the first fairy tale translated by Lu Hsun.In that work，a corbetti incarcerated in the cage of the zoo dreaming of backing to the forest and enjoying the free life as before.All these animals who are kept with him dare not to embrace freedom.The corbetti was angry about their cowardice.Lu Hsun chose to translate this essay to make a wish to lead our children in the right direction after they read it.He wrote in the appendix to admire the auther：What I could do is to present them to our children as much as possible to refresh their thoughs and free their souls.
（2）To Awaken His Countrymen and Cultivate Their Scientific Spirit
The laboring massive crowds were suffering from such a indifferent character that nobody would consider to the unequal in their life，not to mention to fight for themselves.Lu Hsun believed that he translated the foreign works which could cultivate the crowds or awaken them which was accepted by certain scholars.He acclaimed：“using the ‘imported medicine’ to cure the traditional pain in Chinese crowds’ minds.”
（3）To Reflect the Same Problems Between the minorities and China
China was suffering from poverty and invasion，oppressed by the powers，which is accessible to the minorities of east European and north European.It is commonly understood that Lu Hsun wanted to seek literal friends in their literature.The special dimension of the foreword of that magazine was all the nations on the earth were the sons of mother lands，and no one was taken as the special one or became stronger than the others.So the fruit of spirits of all nations should be considered as the treasures that were owed by all people.What’s more，in the field of literature，there is no rank.These forewords speaks for all the minorities.Some persons who did not understand Lu Hsun like Lin eyes on minorities’ works instead the first class works of the writers of the powers.All his choices of translation material like women purchase the new cloth only aiming at fashion.” （4）Being Attracted by Botany and Illustration
Lu Hsun was heavily attracted by botany since he was young.Coming back from Japan，he tought chemistry and biology at HangZhou Normal College in ZheJiang.After busy work，he went to West Lake to collect the specimens of plant.Lu Hsun has heavy interests on the plant.Accessible to the research material，with microscope and a few tools for collecting，then he could take on the plant research.He translated National Geographic Gride to Medicinal Herps.His brother said，“After take the major of medicine，the bioscience and philosophy of biology interests him a lot.Before several years of his death，he translated the records about insects，but failed.”
Ⅱ The Feature of Lu Hsun’s Translation
（1）The Definition of Hard Translation
Hard translation is the most well-known skill used in Lu Hsun’s translation works.Generally speaking，hard translation refers to a method of Translating the source text according to the grammatical structure and ways of expression of a foreign language，regardless of the acceptability of massive readers.Lu Hsun also explained his translation style in this way，“at utmost，translating faithfully to the original text but not coherently may just lead to the difficulty in understanding.After thinking it over and over，perhaps you’ll get to know it.However translating coherently but not faithfully may cause misunderstanding.And you will not get it across even through you try your best to think about it.”The term ‘hard translation’comes from Liang Shiqiu’s article Mr.Lu’s ‘hard translation’，which was published book entitled Literary and Art Criticism，a collection of art and literary criticism by a Russian writer Lunacharsky，which was and translated by Lu Hsun from its Japanese version.
（2）The Source of Shaping Hard Translation
Firstly，Chinese people hold in awe and veneration toward Buddhism.As the Buddhism was introduced to mainland，translators have not learn it.Under the basis of not learning the essence of the classics，they translated the classics，worrying about going against ideologies.They chose to hard translation.
Secondly，in terms of the political environment，normal scholars and massive crowds could criticize casually，and Lu Hsun could argue back for himself calmly.However，at that time，the Communist Party wanted to draw Lu Hsun over to Party’s side，in order to make Lu Hsun translate some articles about Marxist preferring to the Communist Party.Meanwhile，once Lu Hsun close up to the Communist Party，the Chinese Kuomintang would hunt down Lu Hsun.For all those reasons，Lu Hsun decided to use hard translation. Thirdly，at that time，once Lu Hsun wanted to publish book，he must get through many difficulties，since there was strictly control to the publishes.Considering that factor，Lu Hsun took hard translation to write works.
（3）Inheritance and Development
Qiubai and Lu Hsun believed that they could renovating Chinese language with hard translation by absorbing the language grammars of foreign languages.Renovating Chinese language was a task with great importance in their period.Under the background of Renaissance and religion reform，advanced countries in European had almost finished that task.Plain English and former language enhanced each other’s beauty which had significance.As the improvement of mandarins，Chinese language would be distillated into a new level.
（4）Some Misunderstandings of Hard Translation
Lu Hsun adored hard translation，but used free translation widely in the translations of scientific literatures.On the contrary，he rarely used hard translation in his works.Lu Hsun had a confess that he hoped massive readers could insist on reading the whole books although they might be understand the content quite well.For those sentences with foreign express style，he hoped the readers could think them over and got special thoughts.In this way，the readers could absorb all the knowledge instead of implanted knowledge inactively.Dealing with criticizing Chinese traditional culture and taking hard translation，Lu Hsun wanted to cultivate Chinese crowds in a more fierce way.
Ⅲ The Comparation Between Lu Hsun and Other Translators
“Liang Shiqiu’s translates for the art or to sweep the barrier in the language，contributing to the communication between the Chinese literature world and outside.”Liang Shiqiu concerned that translations works should speak for the nature of human.Including this，another point is required that the literature should be filled with the beauty of art and literature value.Lu Hsun and Liang Shiqu lived in the same period：Chinese crowds suffer from oppression of government and invasion of foreign powers.However，their early life are quite different which leaded to their distinct world ideology and literature ideology.Lu Hsun saw his family’s failure and the suffers of massive crowds.According to those，he focused on social function，while Liang Shiqiu was born in affluent family with better memories of childhood.When Liang went abroad，he accepted humanism of Irving Babbitt.Then he emphasize on the worth of pure literature，opposing political literature and the social function.Lu Hsun wanted to simplify the classical works of Confucius and introduced them to the west world.He wanted to introduce every aspect of Chinese people，from the Confucius to the ideologies existing in the daily life，to the to the west world changing the old impression of China，such as little pigtail or the little feet. Ⅳ The Influence Under Lu Hsun’s Translation to China’s Literature and Language
Under the lash of traditional language，during the 16 years after May Fourth movement，many writers and translators headed by Lu Hsun and Qu Qiubai，consciously took foreignizing translation.They absorbed massive western words on the one hand，on the other hand，they introduced sentence structure.Gradually，they refreshed Chinese words and promote mandarins toward mature.What’s more，foreignizing translation brought new literature forms such as free verse，prose poem，and novel.They realized Lu Hsun’s early wishes.However，the acclaim that translating the source text stiffly without smoothness exerted bad influence.Readers might treat hard translation version of foreign works too unreasonable to read.Reviewing the literature translation of 20th century，professor.Sun Zhili argued that we should take foreignizing as often as possible.Compared with Lu Hsun’s thought，This ideal is different tunes rendered with equal skill，and improve it at some degree.Mandarin becomes more and more mature，and we have passed by enlightenment stage，importing the essence of other language.China，at this stage，has joined the world integration from the original state—theory state.For the next step，China need to broaden its eyes and absorb essence of all nations.
Ⅴ Conclusion
Lu Hsun pursued to rise his countrymen，with the‘literary spirit’and‘hope for evolution’as weapons.So he translated foreign works of minorities，especially those encounting the similar cruel life.with hard translation.Furthermore，he preferred to renovate Chinese language by absorbing the foreign language skills.
參考文献
[1]科学·童话·弱势文学：鲁迅翻译实践的三个维度[D].湖南师范大学，2006.
[2]金博雅.鲁迅和梁实秋的文学翻译对比研究[J].北方文学（下旬），2011（5）：118-119.
作者简介
王海蒙（1995.07.15—），女，汉族，重庆人，硕士在读，单位：桂林电子科技大学外国语学院英语笔译专业;研究方向：英语笔译。
◆Key Words：Lu Hsun;Hard Translation;Translation
Ⅰ Lu Hsun’s Standards of Choosing Translation Material
（1）To Provide Materials for Children
Owing to the poor field of fairy tales in China，Lu delicated to translating foreignworks for children.Lu Hsun prefer the materials which have positive attitude，or concern social criticism.Among these works，the narrowed cage was the first fairy tale translated by Lu Hsun.In that work，a corbetti incarcerated in the cage of the zoo dreaming of backing to the forest and enjoying the free life as before.All these animals who are kept with him dare not to embrace freedom.The corbetti was angry about their cowardice.Lu Hsun chose to translate this essay to make a wish to lead our children in the right direction after they read it.He wrote in the appendix to admire the auther：What I could do is to present them to our children as much as possible to refresh their thoughs and free their souls.
（2）To Awaken His Countrymen and Cultivate Their Scientific Spirit
The laboring massive crowds were suffering from such a indifferent character that nobody would consider to the unequal in their life，not to mention to fight for themselves.Lu Hsun believed that he translated the foreign works which could cultivate the crowds or awaken them which was accepted by certain scholars.He acclaimed：“using the ‘imported medicine’ to cure the traditional pain in Chinese crowds’ minds.”
（3）To Reflect the Same Problems Between the minorities and China
China was suffering from poverty and invasion，oppressed by the powers，which is accessible to the minorities of east European and north European.It is commonly understood that Lu Hsun wanted to seek literal friends in their literature.The special dimension of the foreword of that magazine was all the nations on the earth were the sons of mother lands，and no one was taken as the special one or became stronger than the others.So the fruit of spirits of all nations should be considered as the treasures that were owed by all people.What’s more，in the field of literature，there is no rank.These forewords speaks for all the minorities.Some persons who did not understand Lu Hsun like Lin eyes on minorities’ works instead the first class works of the writers of the powers.All his choices of translation material like women purchase the new cloth only aiming at fashion.” （4）Being Attracted by Botany and Illustration
Lu Hsun was heavily attracted by botany since he was young.Coming back from Japan，he tought chemistry and biology at HangZhou Normal College in ZheJiang.After busy work，he went to West Lake to collect the specimens of plant.Lu Hsun has heavy interests on the plant.Accessible to the research material，with microscope and a few tools for collecting，then he could take on the plant research.He translated National Geographic Gride to Medicinal Herps.His brother said，“After take the major of medicine，the bioscience and philosophy of biology interests him a lot.Before several years of his death，he translated the records about insects，but failed.”
Ⅱ The Feature of Lu Hsun’s Translation
（1）The Definition of Hard Translation
Hard translation is the most well-known skill used in Lu Hsun’s translation works.Generally speaking，hard translation refers to a method of Translating the source text according to the grammatical structure and ways of expression of a foreign language，regardless of the acceptability of massive readers.Lu Hsun also explained his translation style in this way，“at utmost，translating faithfully to the original text but not coherently may just lead to the difficulty in understanding.After thinking it over and over，perhaps you’ll get to know it.However translating coherently but not faithfully may cause misunderstanding.And you will not get it across even through you try your best to think about it.”The term ‘hard translation’comes from Liang Shiqiu’s article Mr.Lu’s ‘hard translation’，which was published book entitled Literary and Art Criticism，a collection of art and literary criticism by a Russian writer Lunacharsky，which was and translated by Lu Hsun from its Japanese version.
（2）The Source of Shaping Hard Translation
Firstly，Chinese people hold in awe and veneration toward Buddhism.As the Buddhism was introduced to mainland，translators have not learn it.Under the basis of not learning the essence of the classics，they translated the classics，worrying about going against ideologies.They chose to hard translation.
Secondly，in terms of the political environment，normal scholars and massive crowds could criticize casually，and Lu Hsun could argue back for himself calmly.However，at that time，the Communist Party wanted to draw Lu Hsun over to Party’s side，in order to make Lu Hsun translate some articles about Marxist preferring to the Communist Party.Meanwhile，once Lu Hsun close up to the Communist Party，the Chinese Kuomintang would hunt down Lu Hsun.For all those reasons，Lu Hsun decided to use hard translation. Thirdly，at that time，once Lu Hsun wanted to publish book，he must get through many difficulties，since there was strictly control to the publishes.Considering that factor，Lu Hsun took hard translation to write works.
（3）Inheritance and Development
Qiubai and Lu Hsun believed that they could renovating Chinese language with hard translation by absorbing the language grammars of foreign languages.Renovating Chinese language was a task with great importance in their period.Under the background of Renaissance and religion reform，advanced countries in European had almost finished that task.Plain English and former language enhanced each other’s beauty which had significance.As the improvement of mandarins，Chinese language would be distillated into a new level.
（4）Some Misunderstandings of Hard Translation
Lu Hsun adored hard translation，but used free translation widely in the translations of scientific literatures.On the contrary，he rarely used hard translation in his works.Lu Hsun had a confess that he hoped massive readers could insist on reading the whole books although they might be understand the content quite well.For those sentences with foreign express style，he hoped the readers could think them over and got special thoughts.In this way，the readers could absorb all the knowledge instead of implanted knowledge inactively.Dealing with criticizing Chinese traditional culture and taking hard translation，Lu Hsun wanted to cultivate Chinese crowds in a more fierce way.
Ⅲ The Comparation Between Lu Hsun and Other Translators
“Liang Shiqiu’s translates for the art or to sweep the barrier in the language，contributing to the communication between the Chinese literature world and outside.”Liang Shiqiu concerned that translations works should speak for the nature of human.Including this，another point is required that the literature should be filled with the beauty of art and literature value.Lu Hsun and Liang Shiqu lived in the same period：Chinese crowds suffer from oppression of government and invasion of foreign powers.However，their early life are quite different which leaded to their distinct world ideology and literature ideology.Lu Hsun saw his family’s failure and the suffers of massive crowds.According to those，he focused on social function，while Liang Shiqiu was born in affluent family with better memories of childhood.When Liang went abroad，he accepted humanism of Irving Babbitt.Then he emphasize on the worth of pure literature，opposing political literature and the social function.Lu Hsun wanted to simplify the classical works of Confucius and introduced them to the west world.He wanted to introduce every aspect of Chinese people，from the Confucius to the ideologies existing in the daily life，to the to the west world changing the old impression of China，such as little pigtail or the little feet. Ⅳ The Influence Under Lu Hsun’s Translation to China’s Literature and Language
Under the lash of traditional language，during the 16 years after May Fourth movement，many writers and translators headed by Lu Hsun and Qu Qiubai，consciously took foreignizing translation.They absorbed massive western words on the one hand，on the other hand，they introduced sentence structure.Gradually，they refreshed Chinese words and promote mandarins toward mature.What’s more，foreignizing translation brought new literature forms such as free verse，prose poem，and novel.They realized Lu Hsun’s early wishes.However，the acclaim that translating the source text stiffly without smoothness exerted bad influence.Readers might treat hard translation version of foreign works too unreasonable to read.Reviewing the literature translation of 20th century，professor.Sun Zhili argued that we should take foreignizing as often as possible.Compared with Lu Hsun’s thought，This ideal is different tunes rendered with equal skill，and improve it at some degree.Mandarin becomes more and more mature，and we have passed by enlightenment stage，importing the essence of other language.China，at this stage，has joined the world integration from the original state—theory state.For the next step，China need to broaden its eyes and absorb essence of all nations.
Ⅴ Conclusion
Lu Hsun pursued to rise his countrymen，with the‘literary spirit’and‘hope for evolution’as weapons.So he translated foreign works of minorities，especially those encounting the similar cruel life.with hard translation.Furthermore，he preferred to renovate Chinese language by absorbing the foreign language skills.
參考文献
[1]科学·童话·弱势文学：鲁迅翻译实践的三个维度[D].湖南师范大学，2006.
[2]金博雅.鲁迅和梁实秋的文学翻译对比研究[J].北方文学（下旬），2011（5）：118-119.
作者简介
王海蒙（1995.07.15—），女，汉族，重庆人，硕士在读，单位：桂林电子科技大学外国语学院英语笔译专业;研究方向：英语笔译。