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摘 要： 改写病句是自考《英语写作基础》的必考题型之一，也是学生普遍反映较难的部分。考生在复习备考时应掌握常见病句的概念和特点，以及每种病句的修改方法，然后多做习题，考试时做到认真审题，冷静判断，细心答题。
关键词： 自考 《英语写作基础》 改写病句 题型分析
改写病句是全国自考《英语写作基础》课的必考题型之一，也是学生普遍反映较难、得分率较低的部分。这个题型主要的考核知识点包括串句、破句、错误平行结构、修饰语错置、垂悬修饰语。改写病句共五道题，每道3分，总15分。考生在复习这个题型时应明确这五种结构错误的基本概念和特点，学会判断错误类型并掌握每种错误类型的修改方法和技巧。
一、串句（Run-on sentences）
串句是指在没有连接词或标点符号的情况下，将两个独立的单句串在一起。这种错句常使读者感到困惑，说不清哪里该起，哪里该止，有些是仅将两个单句用逗号隔开，犯了“逗号割裂”（comma splice)错误。修改串句的方法有：句号与大写；逗号与连接词；使用分号。例如：
（1）Reading is an important part of our lives it is hard to imagine it can be replaced.（2010.1）
应改为：Reading is an important part of our lives.It is hard to imagine it can be replaced./It is hard to imagine reading can be replaced as it is an important part of our lives.
（2）There is a very beautiful garden on campus，that is my favorite spot.（2009.10）
应改为：There is a very beautiful garden on campus，which is my favorite spot./ There is a very beautiful garden on campus.That is my favorite spot.
（3）Do your homework first，you may go out to play football.（2009.1）
应改为：Do your homework first.Then you may go out to play football.
（4）In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome she felt it was too hot there.（2008.10）
应改为：In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome.She felt it was too hot there./In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome because she felt it was too hot there.
（5）I am very tired this evening，it was a long day at the office.（2008.1）
应改为：I am very tired this evening.It was a long day at the office./ I am very tired this evening after a long day at the office.
二、破句（Fragmentary sentences）
要表达一个完整的意思，每个句子都必须有主语和谓语动词。有些所谓的句子，或无主语，或无谓语动词，仅仅是单词的堆砌，在语法上是讲不通的，而且语义也不完整。修改方法有：把破句附属于其前或其后的一个主句或去掉这个从属连词；把现在分词改成动词的正确形式；给破句加上主语和动词，使其成为一个完整的句子；改变必要的词使破句成为它前面句子的一部分。例如：
（1）Before the widespread use of the Internet.There was no universal way to download new reading materials.（2010.1）
应改为：Before the widespread use of the Internet，there was no universal way to download new reading materials.
（2）Without low-cost transportation.Millions of Africans have a long walk to their destinations.（2010.1）
应改为：Without low-cost transportation，millions of Africans have a long walk to their destinations.
（3）She closed her eyes.Thinking back through the years of being mother，wife，friend，daughter，and sister.（2009.10）
应改为：She closed her eyes，thinking back through the years of being mother，wife，friend，daughter，and sister.
（4）I could not help looking back at him.Tears streaming down my face.（2009.1）
应改为：I could not help looking back at him，tears streaming down my face.
（5）One of Jenny’s greatest joys in life is eating desserts.Such as milkshake，cookies or strawberry cake.（2008.10）
应改为：One of Jenny’s greatest joys in life is eating desserts such as milkshake，cookies or strawberry cake.
（6）A very powerful story that really puts its message across.（2008.1）
应改为：It is a very powerful story that really puts its message across.
三、错误的平行结构（Faulty parallelism）
平行结构是把两个或两个以上意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式表达出来。如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的语法形式来表达就破坏了平行结构。平行结构是一种有效表达思想的手段，它能使句子整齐、对称、流畅，使句意富有节奏感。平行结构可以是单词、词组、从句，也可以是句子。修改时应注意：由并列连词连接的一组词，其所连接的部分必须具有相同的语法结构；注意错误的省略；注意用than或as引出的比较。 例如：
（1）In Africa，people walk to fetch water，get to school and to travel to the market.（2010.1）
应改为：In Africa，people walk to fetch water，get to school and travel to the market.
（2）His grades are not as satisfactory as Jim.（2009.10）
应改为：His grades are not as satisfactory as Jim’s.
（3）Susan likes to swim in summer and skiing in winter.（2009.1）
应改为：Susan likes to swim in summer and ski in winter.
（4）Shakespeare wrote comedies，tragedies，romances，and the plays which were based on historical events.（2008.10）
应改为：Shakespeare wrote comedies，tragedies，romances，and historical plays.
（5）I never saw so many cheerful，courteous students and helpful.（2008.1）
应改为：I never saw so many cheerful，courteous，and helpful students.
四、修饰语错置（Misplaced modifiers）
修饰语错置是因修饰语与被修饰语之间的位置不恰当（通常是相互之间间隔得太远)而造成的语意模糊现象。修饰语可以是单词、词组、从句，也可以是句子。为避免修饰语错置，修饰语和被修饰的词要尽量靠近。例如：
（1）The teacher assigned the homework to the students that was too difficult.（2009.10）
应改为：The teacher assigned the homework that was too difficult to the students.
（2）Rita mentioned the operation she had had in the elevator.（2009.1）
应改为：In the elevator，Rita mentioned the operation she had had.
（3）Peter ordered the meal for his friends ranging from fried shrimp to chopped beef.（2008.10）
应改为：Peter ordered the meal ranging from fried shrimp to chopped beef for his friends.
（4）I have followed the instruction faithfully given by the manual.（2008.1）
应改为：I have followed faithfully the instruction given by the manual.
五、垂悬修饰语（Dangling modifiers）
垂悬修饰语是指短语或从句（没有主语或谓语，或主语谓语全无)在逻辑上与所修饰的部分相分离，所以这部分短语或从句好像与句子的其他部分无关。修改办法有：补出隐含的主语：把垂悬短语或省略从句扩展为完整的从句等。例如：
（1）To lose weight，hamburgers must not be eaten.（2010.1）
应改为：To lose weight，you must not eat hamburgers.
（2）Wading through the stream，a rock cut one of my bare feet.（2009.10）
应改为：When I was wading through the stream，a rock cut one of my bare feet.
（3）To join the club，a form should be filled in first.（2009.1）
应改为：To join the club，you should fill in a form first.
（4）While driving on Blueberry Avenue yesterday afternoon，a tree fell toward Jack’s car.（2008.10）
应改为：While Jack was driving on Blueberry Avenue yesterday afternoon，a tree fell toward his car.
（5）To take this course，the professor must give her approval.（2008.1）
应改为：To take this course，she must get the approval from the professor.
关键词： 自考 《英语写作基础》 改写病句 题型分析
改写病句是全国自考《英语写作基础》课的必考题型之一，也是学生普遍反映较难、得分率较低的部分。这个题型主要的考核知识点包括串句、破句、错误平行结构、修饰语错置、垂悬修饰语。改写病句共五道题，每道3分，总15分。考生在复习这个题型时应明确这五种结构错误的基本概念和特点，学会判断错误类型并掌握每种错误类型的修改方法和技巧。
一、串句（Run-on sentences）
串句是指在没有连接词或标点符号的情况下，将两个独立的单句串在一起。这种错句常使读者感到困惑，说不清哪里该起，哪里该止，有些是仅将两个单句用逗号隔开，犯了“逗号割裂”（comma splice)错误。修改串句的方法有：句号与大写；逗号与连接词；使用分号。例如：
（1）Reading is an important part of our lives it is hard to imagine it can be replaced.（2010.1）
应改为：Reading is an important part of our lives.It is hard to imagine it can be replaced./It is hard to imagine reading can be replaced as it is an important part of our lives.
（2）There is a very beautiful garden on campus，that is my favorite spot.（2009.10）
应改为：There is a very beautiful garden on campus，which is my favorite spot./ There is a very beautiful garden on campus.That is my favorite spot.
（3）Do your homework first，you may go out to play football.（2009.1）
应改为：Do your homework first.Then you may go out to play football.
（4）In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome she felt it was too hot there.（2008.10）
应改为：In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome.She felt it was too hot there./In summer，Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome because she felt it was too hot there.
（5）I am very tired this evening，it was a long day at the office.（2008.1）
应改为：I am very tired this evening.It was a long day at the office./ I am very tired this evening after a long day at the office.
二、破句（Fragmentary sentences）
要表达一个完整的意思，每个句子都必须有主语和谓语动词。有些所谓的句子，或无主语，或无谓语动词，仅仅是单词的堆砌，在语法上是讲不通的，而且语义也不完整。修改方法有：把破句附属于其前或其后的一个主句或去掉这个从属连词；把现在分词改成动词的正确形式；给破句加上主语和动词，使其成为一个完整的句子；改变必要的词使破句成为它前面句子的一部分。例如：
（1）Before the widespread use of the Internet.There was no universal way to download new reading materials.（2010.1）
应改为：Before the widespread use of the Internet，there was no universal way to download new reading materials.
（2）Without low-cost transportation.Millions of Africans have a long walk to their destinations.（2010.1）
应改为：Without low-cost transportation，millions of Africans have a long walk to their destinations.
（3）She closed her eyes.Thinking back through the years of being mother，wife，friend，daughter，and sister.（2009.10）
应改为：She closed her eyes，thinking back through the years of being mother，wife，friend，daughter，and sister.
（4）I could not help looking back at him.Tears streaming down my face.（2009.1）
应改为：I could not help looking back at him，tears streaming down my face.
（5）One of Jenny’s greatest joys in life is eating desserts.Such as milkshake，cookies or strawberry cake.（2008.10）
应改为：One of Jenny’s greatest joys in life is eating desserts such as milkshake，cookies or strawberry cake.
（6）A very powerful story that really puts its message across.（2008.1）
应改为：It is a very powerful story that really puts its message across.
三、错误的平行结构（Faulty parallelism）
平行结构是把两个或两个以上意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式表达出来。如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的语法形式来表达就破坏了平行结构。平行结构是一种有效表达思想的手段，它能使句子整齐、对称、流畅，使句意富有节奏感。平行结构可以是单词、词组、从句，也可以是句子。修改时应注意：由并列连词连接的一组词，其所连接的部分必须具有相同的语法结构；注意错误的省略；注意用than或as引出的比较。 例如：
（1）In Africa，people walk to fetch water，get to school and to travel to the market.（2010.1）
应改为：In Africa，people walk to fetch water，get to school and travel to the market.
（2）His grades are not as satisfactory as Jim.（2009.10）
应改为：His grades are not as satisfactory as Jim’s.
（3）Susan likes to swim in summer and skiing in winter.（2009.1）
应改为：Susan likes to swim in summer and ski in winter.
（4）Shakespeare wrote comedies，tragedies，romances，and the plays which were based on historical events.（2008.10）
应改为：Shakespeare wrote comedies，tragedies，romances，and historical plays.
（5）I never saw so many cheerful，courteous students and helpful.（2008.1）
应改为：I never saw so many cheerful，courteous，and helpful students.
四、修饰语错置（Misplaced modifiers）
修饰语错置是因修饰语与被修饰语之间的位置不恰当（通常是相互之间间隔得太远)而造成的语意模糊现象。修饰语可以是单词、词组、从句，也可以是句子。为避免修饰语错置，修饰语和被修饰的词要尽量靠近。例如：
（1）The teacher assigned the homework to the students that was too difficult.（2009.10）
应改为：The teacher assigned the homework that was too difficult to the students.
（2）Rita mentioned the operation she had had in the elevator.（2009.1）
应改为：In the elevator，Rita mentioned the operation she had had.
（3）Peter ordered the meal for his friends ranging from fried shrimp to chopped beef.（2008.10）
应改为：Peter ordered the meal ranging from fried shrimp to chopped beef for his friends.
（4）I have followed the instruction faithfully given by the manual.（2008.1）
应改为：I have followed faithfully the instruction given by the manual.
五、垂悬修饰语（Dangling modifiers）
垂悬修饰语是指短语或从句（没有主语或谓语，或主语谓语全无)在逻辑上与所修饰的部分相分离，所以这部分短语或从句好像与句子的其他部分无关。修改办法有：补出隐含的主语：把垂悬短语或省略从句扩展为完整的从句等。例如：
（1）To lose weight，hamburgers must not be eaten.（2010.1）
应改为：To lose weight，you must not eat hamburgers.
（2）Wading through the stream，a rock cut one of my bare feet.（2009.10）
应改为：When I was wading through the stream，a rock cut one of my bare feet.
（3）To join the club，a form should be filled in first.（2009.1）
应改为：To join the club，you should fill in a form first.
（4）While driving on Blueberry Avenue yesterday afternoon，a tree fell toward Jack’s car.（2008.10）
应改为：While Jack was driving on Blueberry Avenue yesterday afternoon，a tree fell toward his car.
（5）To take this course，the professor must give her approval.（2008.1）
应改为：To take this course，she must get the approval from the professor.