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Through analysis of the historical and present development of botanical gardens,both domestic and international,with particular focus on botanical garden practices within the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),the authors propose that science-based botanical gardens(which differ from common public gardens),should be founded on plant diversity inventory and ex-situ conservation of wild plant species.Efforts should be directed to rarer species from biodiversity-rich areas and biodiversity hotspots,utilizing cutting-edge technologies to effectively preserve germplasm in living collections.Science-based botanical garden management should be directed by sound scientific evaluation of plant resources and guaranteed by innovative operational mechanisms.Science-based botanical gardens should also emphasize the establishment of identifiable and specialized living collections,research platforms and recruitment of qualified experts.In addition to curating living specimens,science-based botanical gardens should pursue research and development of new plant varieties or patents based on their plant collections,thus providing continual support to bio-industry.