百花齐放、百家争鸣作为发展艺术和科学的方针,符合马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中提出的每个人自由发展为一切人自由发展条件的原则,用“百花”和“百家”来形容艺术和科学繁荣的盛况也是无可非议的。可是,每当文化艺术和科学思想稍见活跃的时候,就会发生动摇,怀疑这个方针的执行给资产阶级带来了猖狂进攻的机会,必须迎头痛击,制止它的发展。这是为什么?现在我从《毛泽东选集》第五卷查得出来的原因不外三个:第一是对农民的社会主义积极性估计太高,农业合作化步骤太急,其他与农业合作化相应的手工业和工商业的社会主义改造也太急了,其中不可避免地有虚报浮夸、强迫命令的现象,早在群众、干部和知识分子中引起了对社会主义制度本身的种种评论。毛泽东在最高国务会议和宣传工作会议上讲话以后,中共中央发出整风指示,宣布两次讲话的发表就是整风运动的开始,于是关 All flowers are flourishing, and all schools of thought contend for development of art and science. They are in line with the principle that everyone should freely develop into the conditions for the free development of all people as proposed by Marx and Engels in the “Declaration of the Communist Party.” It is beyond reproach to describe the grandness of art and science. However, whenever culture, arts and science are slightly active, they will be shaken. It is doubtful that the implementation of this guideline has given the bourgeoisie a furious chance of attack and must face a blow and halt its development. Why? Now I find out from the fifth volume of the “Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung” that there are only three reasons for this. The first is that the socialist enthusiasm for peasants is estimated too high, the steps for agricultural cooperation are too urgent, and the other factors corresponding to agricultural cooperation The socialist transformation of the handicraft industry and commerce and industry was also overwhelming. The inevitable phenomenon of making false orders and pompous orders caused various criticisms of the socialist system as early as the masses, cadres and intellectuals. After Mao Zedong addressed the top state affairs meeting and propaganda work conference, the CPC Central Committee issued a directive on rectifying winds and announced that the announcement of the two speeches was the beginning of the rectification campaign,