Abstract Chinese sucker （Myxocyprinus asiatius） is a kind of unique fish in China， as well as a kind of national secondary protection animal. With the artificial propagation and fingerling rearing technology getting mature， adult fish culture is becoming more and more mature. This paper summarized the research results of the nutritional needs of Chinese sucker in recent years， and put forward the development direction， so as to provide reference for the development of Chinese sucker culture industry.
　　Key words Myxocyprinus asiatius; Nutritional requirement; Protein; Fat
　　Chinese sucker （Myxocyprinus asiatius） belongs to Catostomidae in Cypriniformes， and is named for its cheek color which looks like rouge used by ancient Chinese women. In Sichuan Province， it is called Huangpai， Fenpai， Xuepai and Qingtong， and its juvenile fish is called Muyepan and Duobaochuan. Chinese sucker is called Huoshaobian in Jiangsu Province and Anhui Province. Chinese sucker has only one genus and one variety in China， and is a kind of national secondclass protected animal， mainly distributed in the Yangtze River and the Minjiang River. Chinese sucker is based on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River where the number of Chinese sucker is the highest， and its spawning grounds are the upstream parts of the Yangtze River such as the Jinsha River， Minjiang River and Jialing River. Due to waterway construction， dam construction， environmental pollution， overfishing， etc.， the natural spawning ground environment has been seriously damaged， and the number of wild populations has dropped very seriously， and is less than that of the firstclass aquatic wildprotected animals in China[1-4]. Chinese sucker has high edible value and ornamental value. It is rich in nutrients， delicious in meat， easy to raise， and has the advantages of fast growth， large individual， gentle temperament and strong disease resistance; and its juvenile fish is very popular in the international ornamental fish market， especially in Southeast Asia， and is known as "smooth sailing" and "Asian mermaid".
　　With the artificial reproduction of Chinese sucker[5-7]， industrialized fry production[8-9] is becoming more and more mature; and after domestication， the juvenile fish can be fed with compound feed， and initial successes have been achieved in dominant culture in ponds[10-11] and mixed culture in ponds[12-13]. At present， the culture area and breeding area of pondcultured Chinese sucker are expanding. Natural fresh bait， artificial compound feed （such as eel feed and turtle feed） and commercial freshwater fish compound feed are used at the fry breeding stage， fish breeding stage， and adult fish breeding stage of Chinese sucker， respectively， which causes problems such as slow growth rate and low feed efficiency in Chinese sucker production. At present， few studies have been conducted on nutritional needs and feed science of Chinese sucker， and most studies are mainly focused on protein， fat demand and open bait. 　　Nutritional Requirement
　　Protein content requirement
　　Protein is one of the most critical nutritive substances determining fish growth， and toolow or toohigh protein content in feed both would influence fish growth[14]. At present， the research on protein demand of Chinese sucker is mostly concentrated at the stage of juvenile fish （with a body weight of 10-20 g）. Chen et al.[15] used casein as a protein source to prepare test feed， which was fed to juvenile Chinese sucker with a body weight of （11.96±1.42） g. The results showed that the specific growth rate and protein efficiency of the test group using the feed with a crude protein level at 40.02% were highest. Yuan et al.[17] showed that the suitable protein level for juvenile Chinese sucker was 44%， and the suitable protein energy ratio was 29.22-31.43 mg/kJ. Li[18] prepared a test feed， using casein as a protein source and vegetable oil as the base source of fat energy， and adjusted its energy gradient with dextrin. The feed was fed to juvenile Chinese sucker with a body weight of （25.80±0.34） g， and the results showed that the suitable protein level for juvenile larvae was 40%-45%， and the suitable protein energy ratio was 460. When the feed protein content was 41.15% and the energy protein ratio was 460， Chinese sucker showed a maximum weight gain rate of 73%， a minimum feed coefficient of 1.52， and a maximum protein efficiency of 1.65%. Han et al.[19] made test feeds with three protein level （35%， 40% and 45%）， and fed them to juvenile Chinese sucker with a weight of （16.40 ± 0.02） g in cement pools， and the test group with 40% protein content had the best weight gain rate， specific growth rate and protein efficiency， and the lowest feed coefficient， suggesting that protein level in feed significantly influences whole fish proline， isoleucine， histidine， glutamic acid， essential amino acids and total amino acid content. Therefore， the demand of juvenile Chinese sucker for protein ranges from 40% to 46.5%， which is slightly higher than carp （38%）[20]， close to Acipenser baerii （40%-46.5%）， and lower than Leiocassis longirostris[22]（46%-49%）， in freshwater fish juveniles.
　　Fat content requirement
　　Fat is indispensable in fish growth and development process， and proper fat content in feed can promote fish growth and improve feed utilization. In addition to participating in cell membrane composition and providing energy for fish life activities， fat also provides essential fatty acids and phospholipids[23] to promote the absorption and transport of fatsoluble vitamins[24]. When the fat level in feed is too high， it may inhibit the activity of digestive enzymes and inhibit fish growth[25]， causing the accumulation of fat in intestine， which further influences the absorption of nutritive substances， and even induces diseases[26]. Wang et al.[27] fed juvenile Chinese sucker with a body weight of （6.73 ± 0.21） g with test feeds having fat levels at 2.04%， 4.43%， 6.88%， 9.02%， 11.98% and 13.39%， respectively， and it was found that at the fat level of 6.88%， the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of the juvenile fish were the best and the feed coefficient was the lowest. In addition， fat level also significantly influences the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes and fat metabolism. With the increase of fat level， protease activity gradually decreases， lipase activity increases at first and then tends to be stable， while amylase activity decreases at first and then tends to be stable; and total protein， triglyceride and total cholesterol contents in serum increase， the activity of hepatopancreas malate dehydrogenase and serum lipoprotein lipase decreases， and when the fat level exceeds 6.88%， the activity of intestinal protease and amylase is inhibited， blood lipid level increases， and the activity of fat anabolic enzymes and lipolytic enzymes decreases. Wang et al.[28] showed that the fat deposition efficiency decreased with the increase of fat level; and the antioxidant capacity of Chinese sucker increased at first and then decreased with the increase of fat level， and at the fat level of 6.88%， the total antioxidant capacity （TAOC） was 6.88%， the superoxide dismutase （SOD） value was the highest， and the malondialdehyde （MDA） value was the lowest， which meant that the antioxidant capacity was the strongest. Based on existing research results， it is recommended that the appropriate level of fat in the feed of juvenile Chinese sucker is about 6% to 8%， which is similar to the demand of juvenile black carp[29]. This may be related to the fact that Chinese sucker likes to eat benthic snails and shellfishes in natural conditions， and its fat demand is higher than herbivorous fish grass carp juveniles （4%）[30]， and lower than carnivorous mandarin fish （7%-12%）[31]. 　　Research on requirements for other nutritional substances
　　Jiang et al.[32] added 0， 75， 150， 300， 600 and 1 200 mg/kg of inositol to Chinese sucker feed， and the results showed that with the increase of inositol content in the feed， the weight gain rate， survival rate and specific growth rate of juveniles increased at first and then tended to be stable， and became stable at the level of 300 mg/kg. Inositol in the feed caused no significant effect on components in whole fish. Specifically， the fat content in muscle was significantly lower in the 300 mg/kg group than in the no addition group; and when inositol （<150 mg/kg） in the feed was insufficient， the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum was significantly higher than that in other experimental groups. The fold line regression analysis showed that the addition of 310.3 mg/kg of inositol resulted in maximum growth of Chinese sucker juveniles.
　　Chinese sucker has strong tolerance to carbohydrates. Zhang et al.[33] showed that when the ratio of carbohydrate （CHO） to lipid （L） in feed[m （CHO）：m （L）]was 5.46， Chinese sucker showed the highest weight gain， specific growth rate and protein efficiency.
　　In addition， with continuous decline of fishery resources， rising fishmeal prices have led to rising feed costs， which has severely restricted sustainable development of aquaculture[34]， and developing protein sources of Chinese sucker feed and seeking alternatives to fishmeal[35-37] has become a major problem that needs to be solved urgently.
　　Research on bait at larva stage
　　The feeding habits of Chinese sucker fry are mainly plankton， and it is the key to cultivate the basic natural bait[38]. Choosing a good initial feed is beneficial to the improvement of survival rate and growth rate of the fry[39]. Zhou et al.[40] cultivated indoor fingerlings mainly using rotifers， cladocerans， copepods and water earthworms， and the survival rate reached 55.2%-97.4%. Yuan et al.[41] used natural bait rotifers as the initial feed for Chinese sucker larvae， which showed the best growth and body weight gain， indicating that natural rotifers are the best bait for Chinese sucker larvae. This might be because rotifers have high nutritional value， and amino acid content and ratio similar to amino acid composition in larvae. In addition， rotifers swim slowly in water， and their size is also suitable for feeding larvae. Gong et al.[42] used different combinations of feeds to feed Chinese sucker fingerlings that could just swim. When using the compound feed as initial feed， the opening ratio， survival rate and average size of Chinese sucker were significantly lower than those of the water earthworm and Artemia groups， but the opening rate， survival rate and average size of Chinese sucker were significantly improved after supplementing spirulina with the compound feed. On the one hand， it may not be appropriate to directly feed compound feed when the fry begins to feed， and supplementing spirulina may make up for nutritional deficiency of compound feed， such as high unsaturated fatty acids. It is recommended to use compound feed and fresh bait as the main bait and add a small amount of spirulina powder to the initial feed of Chinese sucker in cement pond breeding condition. Zhang et al.[43] fed Chinese sucker fingerlings with chilled red worms， young eel feed， and mixture of young eel feed and fish paste （4：1）， and chilled red worms achieved the highest growth rate of Chinese sucker， followed by the mixture of young eel feed and fish paste. This may be related to the lack of some nutrients necessary for Chinese sucker growth in the young eel feed， and the addition of some animal bait （fish paste） just makes up for the lack of nutrients in compound feed. Yu et al.[44] observed in the group feeding Chinese sucker fry at the initial feeding stage with compound feed + Artemia as the main bait which was supplemented egg yolk and spirulina， a total survival rate of 86.1%， which was the highest among various test groups. Tang[45] used different baits to feed young Chinese sucker. In the feeding mode of water earthworms and compound feed， the fingerlings grew the best at the feed proportion of 50%-60%， and fingerlings fed with feed had weaker disease tolerance than those fed with mixed feed and water earthworms. Xu et al.[46] showed that the effects of rotifers and Artemia on the growth of Chinese sucker fry （survival rate and growth rate） were better than those of artificial initial feed. Ye et al.[47] fed juvenile Chinese sucker （6.60±0.40） g with different baits （Artemia， feed， water earthworms， water earthworms + feed）， and the results showed that the water earthworms + feed mixed group and the water earthworms group grew the best， and had the best intestinal protease activity， lipase activity and amylase activity. Tian[48] used chilled red worms to feed Chinese sucker fry which grew the fastest then， and used young eel feed to feed Chinese sucker fry which grew the slowest then， while Chinese sucker fry fed with the mixture of young eel feed and fish paste grew at a rate between the two groups. Similar results were found in other freshwater fishes. Wu et al.[49] used Artemia salina， frozen rotifers， water earthworms and artificial compound feed to raise Schizothorax kozlovi larvae， and the results showed that feeding water earthworms could improve the growth rate and survival rate of S. kozlovi， while compound feed showed a growth rate significantly lower than that of the other groups， and exhibited the lowest survival rate. 　　Therefore， at fingerling cultivation stage of Chinese sucker， it is necessary to use fresh natural baits such as spirulina， rotifers， Artemia and water earthworms which have more comprehensive nutrition， and contain proteins， vitamins， unsaturated fatty acids， polysaccharides and so on， close to actual nutritional needs. However， in terms of production， these natural baits are often limited in quantity due to environmental conditions and cultivation techniques. It is recommended to feed a small amount of suitable artificial compound feed， and gradually acclimate fingerlings during the cultivation process by increasing the proportion of compound feed until completely feeding compound feed， so as to promote normal growth of Chinese sucker fingerlings.
　　Suzhen ZHAO et al. Study on Nutritional Requirement of Chinese Sucker （Myxocyprinus asiaticus）
　　Prospect
　　In summary， scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of studies on nutritional needs of Chinese sucker， but the research is still at the early stage of experimental exploration， which is still relatively basic. With the maturity of breeding technology of Chinese sucker and the continuous expansion of its breeding area， adult fish can feed compound feed after domestication. Compound feed has comprehensive nutrition and stable source， but domestic research on nutritional needs of Chinese sucker was started late， and few studies have been conducted on the breeding effect of pellet feed. At present， natural bait and other similar feed as alternative feeds fish can far not meet the needs of the production of Chinese sucker.
　　Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen following aspects in nutrition research and compound feed development of Chinese sucker：
　　Basic theoretical research should be strengthened. Latest technology and means could be used in research of nutritional needs to speed up the acquisition of various nutritional requirement parameters of Chinese sucker， because this is the basis for determining the feed formula and optimizing the feed formula. Therefore， the maximum growth requirement of Chinese sucker in nutrition should be satisfied. Different ingredient ratios of feeds should be selected according to different growth stages， so as to meet the demand of fish for proteins， sugar and fat; and combined with nutrition physiology， biochemistry and immunology of fishes， the research of nutritional needs of Chinese sucker for amino acids， vitamins and minerals （especially trace elements） should be strengthened. 　　The development of environmentally friendly should be strengthened. As the country pays more and more attention to environmental protection， it will become a trend to strengthen the development of lowpollution Chinese sucker feed. From the perspective of environmental nutrition， the effects of environmental factors and changes on the nutritional needs of Chinese sucker and the contribution of natural productivity of water to the production and feed efficiency of Chinese sucker should be studied.
　　The development of immunological agents should be strengthened. It can be foreseen that with the continuous expansion of Chinese sucker culture， farming diseases will become one of the main factors restricting its sustainable development. At present， the control of diseases in Chinese sucker is mainly relies on the use of disinfectants， antibiotics， insecticides and other modes， which is easy to cause drug residues and side effects. It is necessary to carry out research on the relationship between disease resistance in Chinese sucker and nutrients and additives in advance， and develop nutritional additives and immune enhancers for improving disease resistance in Chinese sucker.
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