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[专家介绍]龙喜带,医学博士、教授、博/硕士研究生导师,国际UPTODTAE临床顾问翻译指导专家、广西特聘专家、广西高校卓越学者、广西新世纪人才工程第二层次人选、上海市曙光学者、湖北省光谷高科技园区光谷学者,是中国抗癌协会肿瘤病理学专业委员会青年委员、广西抗癌协会肿瘤病理学专业委员会副主任委员。主要研究方向为肝癌的分子流行病学、临床病理学与发病学,作为项目负责人共获国家自然科学基金资助项目4项(含面上项目2项)和广西自然科学基金4项(含重点项目和创新团队项目各1项),在Nature Genetics、Cancer Cell、Hepatology、Epidemiology等国际知名杂志发表论著26篇,出版医学专著12部,以第一完成人获得国家教育部国务院学位办博士生学术新人奖 1项和广西自然科学奖二等奖2项,是Hepatology、Journal of Hepatology等杂志的通讯评委。
【摘要】 选择性剪接 (alternative splicing) 是指一个前体mRNA通过选择不同的剪接位点产生多个可编码功能相似或相反的mRNA剪接异构体的过程。多聚嘧啶结合蛋白(polypyrimidine tract-binding protein,PTB)是一种剪接调控因子,通过结合新生mRNA而抑制剪接发生。有关研究提示PTB及其同源蛋白剪接调控功能出现异常时可以导致肿瘤的发生。综述PTB及其同源蛋白与恶性肿瘤相关性的研究进展,有可能为肿瘤治疗提供新的选择,为未来靶点治疗提供新的思路。
【关键词】 多聚嘧啶结合蛋白;同源蛋白;选择性剪接;恶性肿瘤
中图分类号:R73 文献标志码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2019.10.002
Research progress of relationship between alternative splicing PTB and its homologous proteins and malignant tumors
WANG Juan1,LONG Xidai1,2
(1.Department of Pathology,Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities,Baise 533000,China;2.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Renji Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200127,China)
【Abstract】 Alternative splicing is a process that the pre-mRNA selects different splice sites to produce multiple mRNA splicing isomers with similar or opposite coding functions.Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein(PTB) is a splicing regulator that inhibits splicing by binding to nascent mRNA.Studies suggest that abnormalities in the splicing regulatory function of PTB and its homologous proteins can lead to tumorigenesis.This article reviews the research progress of the correlation between PTB and its homologous proteins and malignant tumors,which may provide new options for tumor treatment and new ideas for target therapy in the future.
【Key words】 PTB;homologous protein;alternative splicing;malignant tumor
多聚嘧啶结合蛋白(Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein,PTB)是选择性剪接因子中的一种重要蛋白,通过结合新生mRNA而抑制剪接的发生。人类90%以上基因存在选择性剪接现象,且多种肿瘤的发生涉及选择性剪接的异常[1~2]。目前,PTB依然是该研究领域有待深入研究的重大科学问题。现就PTB及其同源蛋白与恶性肿瘤相关性的研究进展进行综述。
1 PTB及同源蛋白的结构及功能
1.1 PTBP1蛋白的结构及功能
PTB亦称为PTBP1,是非单一核糖核蛋白家族中的一员,广泛表达于表皮皮区、中间中胚层、侧板中胚层和神经嵴[3]。PTBP1是该家族研究最多的一种RNA结合蛋白,参与基因表达的转录调控过程,控制RNA的关键因素代谢。PTBP1的功能主要体现在两个方面:一是增强miR-101引导的AGO2定位于MCL1并促进miR-101诱导的细胞凋亡[4];二是调控PKM1和PKM2的表达量,最终导致肿瘤细胞的快速增殖[5]。
1.2 PTBP2蛋白的結构及功能
多聚嘧啶结合蛋白2(PTBP2)称nPTB,是一种剪接因子,表达仅限于包括神经系统在内的神经系统大脑。神经视网膜和脊髓以及中间中胚层。轴突发生是由神经元特异性选择性剪接编程和剪接调节器来调节PTBP2[6],当大脑中缺失PTBP2时会导致外显子介导过早地终止密码子,从而产生没有意义的mRNA[7],此缺失现象对神经发育有着重要的影响。Zagore等[8]发现PTBP2选择性剪接调控在生殖细胞发展中同样有着重要作用,在精子形成的过程中大量表达。 1.3 PTBP3蛋白的结构及功能
PTBP3是选择性剪接调控蛋白hnRNP家族中的一员,定位于染色体9,其编码的蛋白是一种RNA结合蛋白以及剪接负调控因子,具有抑制选择性剪接的功能,存在于造血细胞、脑、肺等多种细胞中。Yamamoto等[9]在大鼠的造血细胞中发现PTBP3过表达能阻滞佛波醇酯和丁酸钠对K562白血病细胞的诱导分化作用,但不影响其增殖,所以认为PTBP3可能是一种细胞分化相关的调节蛋白,故将其命名为分化调节因子ROD1。PTBP3与PTBP1在细胞核中有着调节mRNA选择性剪接的作用,然而在细胞质中PTBP3对mRNA的稳定、翻译比PTBP1更为重要[10~11]。PTBP3可与线粒体中的tR-NA(Thr)相互作用[12],并通过调节PTBP1的表达影响Bcl-x的选择性剪接[13]。迄今为止,PTBP3是选择性剪接调控蛋白hnRNP家族中一个研究相对较少的成员,其分子学功能和生物学作用未受到学者的足够重视。
2 PTB与恶性肿瘤的关系
2.1 PTBP1与肿瘤的关系
PTBP1在结肠癌癌组织中的表达高于癌旁组织中的表达,且PTBP1与结肠癌周围有无淋巴结转移、临床分期和预后相关[14]。PTBP1相关的microRNA-1和-133b可以抑制Warburg对结直肠肿瘤的影响[15]。与正常乳腺组织相比较,PTBP1在乳腺癌组织中表达上调,与Her-2的表达、淋巴结转移密切相关;在体外乳腺癌细胞体系也得到同样的结果[16]。与正常肾组织相比较,PTBP1在RCC组织中过表达,进一步发现PTBP1表达与患者预后呈负相关且与肿瘤大小、TNM分期和淋巴结转移呈正相关[17]。神经母细胞瘤(NBL)高表达的PTBP1患者生存率明显低下,沉默PTBP1的表达可抑制神经母细胞瘤细胞的增殖[18]。PTBP1促进致癌剪接变体的表达可预测非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者预后不良[19]。PTBP1过表达可促进肺癌细胞的转移和侵袭能力[20]。PTBP1过表达不仅能够促进卵巢癌细胞的增殖,而且能增强癌细胞的侵袭能力[21]。新型的IC-47和伊马替尼结合在治疗慢性粒细胞白血病后PTBP1的表达下调[22]。DR-PDAC细胞能沉默PTBPl的表达从而降低PKMpre-mRNA[23]。PTBPl通过MEIS2和PKM的可变剪接促进膀胱癌的淋巴结转移和增殖[24]。
2.2 PTBP2与肿瘤的关系
Agatheeswaran等[25]发现BCR-ABL抑制miR-223的表达导致慢性粒细胞白血病中MEF2C和PTBP2的激活。Ji等[26]发现长非编码RNA MALAT1通过与SFPQ结合并从SFPQ/PTBP2复合物中释放致癌基因PTBP2,促进结直肠癌的肿瘤生长和转移。Guo等[27]发现PTBP1和PTBP2受损SRSF3在癌症中的自动调节细胞。Fang等[28]发现促进SFPQ/PTBP2的复合,可抑制骨肉瘤(OS)细胞mg-63的增殖和入侵。
2.3 PTBP3与肿瘤的关系
Zhang等[29]提出miR-210通过靶向ROD1调节胶质母细胞瘤中细胞的增殖和凋亡。PTBP3可促进人胃癌细胞的增殖并抑制其分化[30~31]。PTBP3通过调节HCC中剪接变体(NEAT1-1,NEAT1-2和miR-612)的平衡来促进HCC细胞的恶性生长和转移[32]。Hou等[33]发现PTBP3介导ZEB1的乳腺癌细胞的上皮-间质转化(EMT)并促进其侵袭性生长和转移,结果表明PTBP3的表达与淋巴结转移、晚期组织学分级、TNM分期和患者的5年总体生存率差异显著相关。此外,研究还发现PTBP3与前列腺癌的发生相关[34]。
3 小结与展望
目前对PTB及其同源蛋白的研究成果还不能揭示其全部功能,其深入的机制仍然不清楚,相关的分子机制有待进一步研究。随着癌症患病率的升高和预后效果不理想,对PTB的研究应该扩大到肿瘤的发病机制、肿瘤靶向治疗及免疫治疗上。因此,PTB及其同源蛋白将是一个具有潜在应用价值的肿瘤标志物,为肿瘤治疗提供新的选择,为未来靶点治疗提供新的思路。
参 考 文 獻
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(收稿日期:2019-02-26 修回日期:2019-03-24)
【摘要】 选择性剪接 (alternative splicing) 是指一个前体mRNA通过选择不同的剪接位点产生多个可编码功能相似或相反的mRNA剪接异构体的过程。多聚嘧啶结合蛋白(polypyrimidine tract-binding protein,PTB)是一种剪接调控因子,通过结合新生mRNA而抑制剪接发生。有关研究提示PTB及其同源蛋白剪接调控功能出现异常时可以导致肿瘤的发生。综述PTB及其同源蛋白与恶性肿瘤相关性的研究进展,有可能为肿瘤治疗提供新的选择,为未来靶点治疗提供新的思路。
【关键词】 多聚嘧啶结合蛋白;同源蛋白;选择性剪接;恶性肿瘤
中图分类号:R73 文献标志码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2019.10.002
Research progress of relationship between alternative splicing PTB and its homologous proteins and malignant tumors
WANG Juan1,LONG Xidai1,2
(1.Department of Pathology,Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities,Baise 533000,China;2.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Renji Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200127,China)
【Abstract】 Alternative splicing is a process that the pre-mRNA selects different splice sites to produce multiple mRNA splicing isomers with similar or opposite coding functions.Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein(PTB) is a splicing regulator that inhibits splicing by binding to nascent mRNA.Studies suggest that abnormalities in the splicing regulatory function of PTB and its homologous proteins can lead to tumorigenesis.This article reviews the research progress of the correlation between PTB and its homologous proteins and malignant tumors,which may provide new options for tumor treatment and new ideas for target therapy in the future.
【Key words】 PTB;homologous protein;alternative splicing;malignant tumor
多聚嘧啶结合蛋白(Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein,PTB)是选择性剪接因子中的一种重要蛋白,通过结合新生mRNA而抑制剪接的发生。人类90%以上基因存在选择性剪接现象,且多种肿瘤的发生涉及选择性剪接的异常[1~2]。目前,PTB依然是该研究领域有待深入研究的重大科学问题。现就PTB及其同源蛋白与恶性肿瘤相关性的研究进展进行综述。
1 PTB及同源蛋白的结构及功能
1.1 PTBP1蛋白的结构及功能
PTB亦称为PTBP1,是非单一核糖核蛋白家族中的一员,广泛表达于表皮皮区、中间中胚层、侧板中胚层和神经嵴[3]。PTBP1是该家族研究最多的一种RNA结合蛋白,参与基因表达的转录调控过程,控制RNA的关键因素代谢。PTBP1的功能主要体现在两个方面:一是增强miR-101引导的AGO2定位于MCL1并促进miR-101诱导的细胞凋亡[4];二是调控PKM1和PKM2的表达量,最终导致肿瘤细胞的快速增殖[5]。
1.2 PTBP2蛋白的結构及功能
多聚嘧啶结合蛋白2(PTBP2)称nPTB,是一种剪接因子,表达仅限于包括神经系统在内的神经系统大脑。神经视网膜和脊髓以及中间中胚层。轴突发生是由神经元特异性选择性剪接编程和剪接调节器来调节PTBP2[6],当大脑中缺失PTBP2时会导致外显子介导过早地终止密码子,从而产生没有意义的mRNA[7],此缺失现象对神经发育有着重要的影响。Zagore等[8]发现PTBP2选择性剪接调控在生殖细胞发展中同样有着重要作用,在精子形成的过程中大量表达。 1.3 PTBP3蛋白的结构及功能
PTBP3是选择性剪接调控蛋白hnRNP家族中的一员,定位于染色体9,其编码的蛋白是一种RNA结合蛋白以及剪接负调控因子,具有抑制选择性剪接的功能,存在于造血细胞、脑、肺等多种细胞中。Yamamoto等[9]在大鼠的造血细胞中发现PTBP3过表达能阻滞佛波醇酯和丁酸钠对K562白血病细胞的诱导分化作用,但不影响其增殖,所以认为PTBP3可能是一种细胞分化相关的调节蛋白,故将其命名为分化调节因子ROD1。PTBP3与PTBP1在细胞核中有着调节mRNA选择性剪接的作用,然而在细胞质中PTBP3对mRNA的稳定、翻译比PTBP1更为重要[10~11]。PTBP3可与线粒体中的tR-NA(Thr)相互作用[12],并通过调节PTBP1的表达影响Bcl-x的选择性剪接[13]。迄今为止,PTBP3是选择性剪接调控蛋白hnRNP家族中一个研究相对较少的成员,其分子学功能和生物学作用未受到学者的足够重视。
2 PTB与恶性肿瘤的关系
2.1 PTBP1与肿瘤的关系
PTBP1在结肠癌癌组织中的表达高于癌旁组织中的表达,且PTBP1与结肠癌周围有无淋巴结转移、临床分期和预后相关[14]。PTBP1相关的microRNA-1和-133b可以抑制Warburg对结直肠肿瘤的影响[15]。与正常乳腺组织相比较,PTBP1在乳腺癌组织中表达上调,与Her-2的表达、淋巴结转移密切相关;在体外乳腺癌细胞体系也得到同样的结果[16]。与正常肾组织相比较,PTBP1在RCC组织中过表达,进一步发现PTBP1表达与患者预后呈负相关且与肿瘤大小、TNM分期和淋巴结转移呈正相关[17]。神经母细胞瘤(NBL)高表达的PTBP1患者生存率明显低下,沉默PTBP1的表达可抑制神经母细胞瘤细胞的增殖[18]。PTBP1促进致癌剪接变体的表达可预测非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者预后不良[19]。PTBP1过表达可促进肺癌细胞的转移和侵袭能力[20]。PTBP1过表达不仅能够促进卵巢癌细胞的增殖,而且能增强癌细胞的侵袭能力[21]。新型的IC-47和伊马替尼结合在治疗慢性粒细胞白血病后PTBP1的表达下调[22]。DR-PDAC细胞能沉默PTBPl的表达从而降低PKMpre-mRNA[23]。PTBPl通过MEIS2和PKM的可变剪接促进膀胱癌的淋巴结转移和增殖[24]。
2.2 PTBP2与肿瘤的关系
Agatheeswaran等[25]发现BCR-ABL抑制miR-223的表达导致慢性粒细胞白血病中MEF2C和PTBP2的激活。Ji等[26]发现长非编码RNA MALAT1通过与SFPQ结合并从SFPQ/PTBP2复合物中释放致癌基因PTBP2,促进结直肠癌的肿瘤生长和转移。Guo等[27]发现PTBP1和PTBP2受损SRSF3在癌症中的自动调节细胞。Fang等[28]发现促进SFPQ/PTBP2的复合,可抑制骨肉瘤(OS)细胞mg-63的增殖和入侵。
2.3 PTBP3与肿瘤的关系
Zhang等[29]提出miR-210通过靶向ROD1调节胶质母细胞瘤中细胞的增殖和凋亡。PTBP3可促进人胃癌细胞的增殖并抑制其分化[30~31]。PTBP3通过调节HCC中剪接变体(NEAT1-1,NEAT1-2和miR-612)的平衡来促进HCC细胞的恶性生长和转移[32]。Hou等[33]发现PTBP3介导ZEB1的乳腺癌细胞的上皮-间质转化(EMT)并促进其侵袭性生长和转移,结果表明PTBP3的表达与淋巴结转移、晚期组织学分级、TNM分期和患者的5年总体生存率差异显著相关。此外,研究还发现PTBP3与前列腺癌的发生相关[34]。
3 小结与展望
目前对PTB及其同源蛋白的研究成果还不能揭示其全部功能,其深入的机制仍然不清楚,相关的分子机制有待进一步研究。随着癌症患病率的升高和预后效果不理想,对PTB的研究应该扩大到肿瘤的发病机制、肿瘤靶向治疗及免疫治疗上。因此,PTB及其同源蛋白将是一个具有潜在应用价值的肿瘤标志物,为肿瘤治疗提供新的选择,为未来靶点治疗提供新的思路。
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(收稿日期:2019-02-26 修回日期:2019-03-24)