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本文综述了在系统层面研究大脑内部活动最先进的技术。负责我们日常生活的神经活动是由大脑不同区域复杂的协调过程共同完成的。表面上,不同功能由具体的解剖结构所控制,然而事实上是通过内部大量相互连接的神经元和突触通路的动态网络来实现的。因此,从系统层面能更好地理解大脑的正常生理或病理状态。目前已有很多神经工程技术,但本文将重点关注三个领域:神经成像、神经接口和神经调控技术。神经成像能够帮助我们描绘大脑的结构和功能,这对理解正常和疾病状态下的神经系统功能至关重要。基于神经影像的知识,可以开发神经接口与神经系统进行交流,或者调控大脑的活动。这三个领域的研究对开发相关的仪器、设备及其应用很关键。在神经反馈的基础上,通过神经接口(侵入式或非侵入式)监测神经活动(通过神经影像模式),以一定的刺激参数,调控和改变神经功能。总之,系统神经工程是指利用工程工具和技术来成像、解码和调控大脑,进一步理解大脑的正常功能及障碍修复。这些领域之间的相互交叉将引领系统神经工程的发展方向——发展神经技术,来增强对大脑整体功能和功能障碍的理解,以及对神经和精神障碍的干预。
This article summarizes the most advanced techniques for studying brain activity at the system level. The neural activity responsible for our daily lives is accomplished by the complex coordination process in different parts of the brain. On the surface, different functions are controlled by specific anatomical structures, but in fact are achieved through the dynamic network of interconnected neurons and synaptic pathways in large numbers. Therefore, the normal physiological or pathological state of the brain can be better understood at the system level. There are many neuroengineering techniques available today, but this article will focus on three areas: neuroimaging, neural interfaces, and neural regulation. Neuroimaging can help us characterize the structure and function of the brain, which is crucial for understanding the functioning of the nervous system in normal and disease states. Based on the neuroimaging knowledge, you can develop neural interfaces to communicate with the nervous system or to regulate brain activity. Research in these three areas is crucial for developing instruments, devices and their applications. Based on neural feedback, neural activity (via neuroimaging patterns) is monitored through a neural interface (invasive or non-invasive) to regulate and alter neurological function with certain stimulation parameters. In short, systematic neuro-engineering refers to the use of engineering tools and techniques to image, decode and regulate the brain to further understand the normal function of the brain and to repair obstacles. The intersection of these areas will lead the way in the direction of systematic neuroimaging - developing neural techniques to enhance understanding of the overall brain functions and dysfunctions, as well as interventions in neurological and psychiatric disorders.