“自然主义”是一个充满歧义的标签,应该在“当代性”(contemporaneity)和“现代性”(modernity)的对比中,相对于多个“主义”来进行探讨。孔德说过,人类思维——无论个体思维还是群体思维——都不可避免地要先后经历“神学”“形而上学”和“实证”三个理论阶段。(孔德,第1页)我们进而认为,西方哲学业已经历从泰勒斯到笛卡尔以神学(神话)思维为特征的前现代阶段、自笛卡尔至黑格尔以哲学(思辨)思维为特点的早期现代阶段和从黑格尔之后到梅洛-庞蒂 Naturalism is a sign of ambiguity that should be examined in relation to multiple “doctrines ” in contrast to contemporaneity and “modernity ” . Kongde said that human thinking - whether individual thinking or group thinking - inevitably has to go through three theoretical stages of “theology”, “metaphysics” and “positive” one after another. (Comte, p. 1) We further consider that Western philosophy has undergone a pre-modern period characterized by theological (mythic) thinking from Thales to Descartes, characterized by philosophical (speculative) thinking from Descartes to Hegel Early modern period and after Hegel to Merleau-Ponty